Table 4

Twelve-month, 24-month, and 36-month unadjusted and adjusted healthcare costs (US$)

Unadjusted means (US$)Adjusted means (US$)
Treatment revisionTreatment revision
EarlyDelayedp ValueEarlyDelayedp Value
12-month healthcare costs
 Total healthcare$10 320$99350.308$9766$8628<0.001
 Medical$7327$69580.03$6373$5623<0.001
 Pharmacy$2993$30270.796$2886$2614<0.001
24-month healthcare costs
 Total healthcare$20 898$20 8440.866$20 296$18 473<0.001
 Medical$14 803$14 6330.288$13 544$12 4150.003
 Pharmacy$6095$62790.025$5774$5415<0.001
36-month healthcare costs
 Total healthcare$29 368$29 5260.822$30 409$28 6720.01
 Medical$19 978$19 9140.919$20 580$19 4200.042
 Pharmacy$8884$90820.259$8929$8496<0.001

  • All costs adjusted to 2012 dollars.

  • Unadjusted p value from Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Adjusted p value from Wald χ2 test.

  • Adjusted cost estimates from a generalized linear model using log-link and γ variance function. Covariates included in model: age, gender, geographic region, race/ethnicity, baseline Deyo-Charlson score, baseline Diabetes Complication Severity Index score, baseline glycosylated hemoglobin, number of preindex physician office visits, and total number of medications preindex.