Lifestyle factors according to the CES-D score in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes
| CES-D score | p for trend | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤9 | 10–15 | 16–23 | ≥24 | Unadjusted | Age and sex adjusted | Multivariate adjusted | |
| Current smoker (%) | 16.6% | 21.3% | 22.5% | 27.7% | <0.0001 | <0.001 | <0.01 |
| Current drinker (%) | 39.8% | 39.3% | 34.6% | 35.7% | NS | NS | NS |
| Leisure-time physical activity (MET×h/week) | 12.9±15.5 | 8.9±12.3 | 7.5±11.4 | 7.2±13.6 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Sleep duration (h) | 6.9±1.3 | 6.6±1.4 | 6.6±1.7 | 6.3±2.1 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Total energy intake (kcal) | 1697±482 | 1680±521 | 1657±491 | 1676±617 | NS | NS | NS |
| Protein intake (g/1000 kcal) | 15.9±3.0 | 15.7±2.9 | 15.7±2.8 | 16.0±3.1 | NS | NS | NS |
| Fat intake (g/1000 kcal) | 27.7±5.4 | 28.0±5.4 | 27.9±5.5 | 28.1±6.2 | NS | NS | NS |
| Carbohydrate intake (g/1000 kcal) | 52.3±7.6 | 52.4±7.5 | 52.5±8.0 | 51.7±7.9 | NS | NS | NS |
| Dietary fiber intake (g/1000 kcal) | 7.65±2.18 | 7.45±2.32 | 7.43±2.27 | 7.38±2.19 | <0.05 | NS | NS |
| Sucrose intake (g/1000 kcal) | 3.17±3.42 | 3.23±3.09 | 3.57±3.70 | 4.30±4.44 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.01 |
| Vitamin C intake (mg/1000 kcal) | 80.1±31.4 | 78.7±34.0 | 75.5±32.9 | 74.9±30.5 | <0.01 | NS | NS |
| Magnesium intake (mg/1000 kcal) | 154.7±30.5 | 150.5±31.9 | 150.4±31.1 | 149.4±31.8 | <0.001 | <0.05 | NS |
| Folate intake (μg/1000 kcal) | 230.8±71.2 | 223.5±75.5 | 221.8±73.3 | 221.1±68.1 | <0.01 | <0.05 | NS |
| Serum magnesium (mg/dL) | 2.36±0.24 | 2.32±0.24 | 2.32±0.25 | 2.28±0.24 | <0.0001 | <0.01 | NS |
| Serum folate (μg/L) | 3.28±3.81 | 2.95±3.63 | 3.06±3.59 | 2.93±3.29 | NS | NS | NS |
| Skipping breakfast (%) | 13.0% | 21.2% | 25.0% | 24.1% | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Results are reported as mean±SD. Multivariate adjustments include age, sex, duration of diabetes, BMI, HbA1c, insulin use, current smoking (not used for current smoker), current drinking (not used for current drinker), leisure-time physical activity (not used for leisure-time physical activity), and total energy intake (not used for total energy intake).
BMI, body mass index; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; MET, metabolic equivalent.