Linear regression models of HRQoL and individual processes-of-care in crude and adjusted models
| HRQoL outcomes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCS | PCS | ADDQoL | ||||
| β= | β= | β= | ||||
| Process indicators† | Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted |
| Lipids | −2.6 | −3.4 | −0.05 | 2.1 | −0.005 | −0.03 |
| Urine microalbumin | 1.2 | 0.95 | 1.8 | 0.5 | −0.1 | 0.05 |
| Foot examination by physician | 1.1 | 0.9 | −1.5 | −1.8* | −0.1* | 0.2 |
| Retinal eye examination (in past 24 months) | −0.7 | −0.2 | −0.5 | 1.1 | −0.3 | −0.2 |
| Flu vaccination | −0.3 | −0.8 | −4.2α | −1.4 | −0.4** | −0.4** |
| Hemoglobin A1c‡ | ||||||
| HbA1c-aware and HbA1c was checked | 4.8 | 1.4 | 14.9* | 3.5 | 1.2 | 0.3 |
| HbA1c-aware and do not know if HbA1c was checked | 1.5 | −2.7 | 19.1* | 4.6 | 2.2 | 0.8 |
| HbA1c-unaware (not aware or do not know if aware of HbA1c) | 6.2 | 0.5 | 13.7* | 3.8 | 1.6 | 0.4 |
| Adjusted. R2 for full model | 0.11 | 0.39 | 0.21 | |||
Crude model=all process indicator in one model, no other covariates.
Adjusted model=all process indicators+14 covariates (demographics, medical history and diabetes characteristics).
Covariates:
Demographics: Age, Male, Education levels, Income levels, Living companion.
Medical hx: hx of alcohol problems, smoker, BMI category, comorbidities, physical activity.
Diabetes: type 2 or undetermined, on insulin, DM complications, DM over 10 years.
*p≤0.05; **p≤0.01; αp≤0.001.
†Reference: no care received for individual process-of-care.
‡Reference: HbA1c-aware and did not receive HbA1c screen/check.
HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HRQoL, health-related quality of life.