Characteristics of cases and controls
| Variables | Cases (n=116) Means (95% CI) n (%) | Controls (n=348) Means (95% CI) n (%) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age | 70.8 (68.7 to 72.7) | 69.4 (68.4 to 70.5) | 0.20 |
| Male | 94 (81) | 282 (81) | |
| Lower SES | 95 (82) | 272 (78) | 0.40 |
| Single | 46 (40) | 69 (20) | <0.00 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 102 (87) | 301 (87) | 0.90 |
| Timing of first contact with any secondary healthcare services that manage diabetes | |||
| None or within 1 year prior to event | 43 (37) | 154 (44) | 0.20 |
| Within 2–3 years prior to event | 15 (13) | 51 (15) | |
| Within 4–7 years prior to event | 58 (50) | 143 (41) | |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | |||
| Smoking* | 55 (47) | 138 (40) | 0.10 |
| Hypertension | 75 (65) | 185 (53) | 0.03 |
| Obesity | 14 (12) | 28 (8) | 0.20 |
| Dyslipidemia | 32 (28) | 71 (20) | 0.10 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| CKD | 46 (40) | 90 (26) | <0.00 |
| Retinopathy | 23 (20) | 106 (30) | 0.03 |
| IHD/CVD | 61 (53) | 171 (49) | 0.50 |
| PVD | 86 (74) | 59 (17) | <0.00 |
| Minor LEA | 32 (28) | 2 (0.6) | <0.00 |
| HbA1c | |||
| 1 year prior to event | 7.6 (7.2 to 8.0) | 7.6 (7.4 to 7.7) | 0.80 |
| 3 years prior to event | 8.7 (8.2 to 9.3) | 7.9 (7.7 to 8.1) | 0.01 |
| 5 years prior to event | 8.8 (8.2 to 9.4) | 7.9 (7.6 to 8.2) | 0.01 |
| 7 years prior to event | 8.9 (8.2 to 9.8) | 7.9 (7.5 to 8.3) | 0.01 |
CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; IHD, ischemic heart disease; LEA, lower extremity amputation; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; SES, socioeconomic status.