GNHIES98 (1997–1999) (N=333) | DEGS1 (2008–2011) (N=526) | Absolute change (DEGS1-GNHIES98) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Adjusted* | |||||||||
n | Per cent† | 95% CI† | n | Per cent† | 95% CI† | Per cent† | 95% CI† | Per cent† | 95% CI† | |
Preventive and therapeutic goals | ||||||||||
HbA1c | ||||||||||
<6.5% (48 mmol/mol) | 78 | 22.9 | 17.8 to 28.9 | 256 | 48.8 | 42.7 to 55.0 | 25.9 | 17.4 to 34.4 | 27.5 | 18.8 to 36.3 |
<7.0% (53 mmol/mol) | 105 | 32.4 | 26.8 to 38.7 | 346 | 65.4 | 59.6 to 70.7 | 32.9 | 24.9 to 41.0 | 34.8 | 26.1 to 43.5 |
<7.5% (58 mmol/mol) | 148 | 45.2 | 38.8 to 51.7 | 406 | 79.1 | 74.6 to 83.0 | 33.9 | 26.1 to 41.8 | 36.2 | 26.5 to 45.9 |
<8.0% (64 mmol/mol) | 179 | 55.3 | 49.2 to 61.2 | 451 | 86.9 | 82.8 to 90.1 | 31.6 | 24.6 to 38.5 | 35.7 | 27.0 to 44.4 |
≥9.0% (75 mmol/mol) | 72 | 23.5 | 18.0 to 30.1 | 23 | 4.6 | 2.8 to 7.6 | −18.9 | −25.4 to −12.3 | −23.3 | −30.3 to −16.3 |
Individualized HbA1c target | 156 | 49.3 | 43.2 to 55.5 | 379 | 80.7 | 75.5 to 85.0 | 31.3 | 23.2 to 39.5 | 33.9 | 25.0 to 42.8 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||||||||||
<190 | 37 | 13.5 | 9.0 to 19.9 | 224 | 41.9 | 36.6 to 47.3 | 28.3 | 20.0 to 36.7 | 25.7 | 16.2 to 35.1 |
<240 | 154 | 52.0 | 44.9 to 59.0 | 442 | 85.3 | 80.6 to 89.0 | 33.3 | 25.0 to 41.6 | 32.2 | 23.9 to 40.6 |
Blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||||||||
<130/80 | 103 | 32.0 | 26.2 to 38.4 | 240 | 47.2 | 41.2 to 53.3 | 15.2 | 6.4 to 24.0 | 20.3 | 11.5 to 29.1 |
<140/90 | 181 | 56.3 | 49.5 to 62.9 | 364 | 69.6 | 63.8 to 74.8 | 13.3 | 4.6 to 21.9 | 18.2 | 8.9 to 27.4 |
Body mass index <30 kg/m2 | 193 | 61.2 | 55.4 to 66.7 | 239 | 45.6 | 40.0 to 51.4 | −15.6 | −23.5 to −7.7 | −16.6 | −26.0 to −7.3 |
Currently not smoking | 259 | 80.5 | 74.2 to 85.5 | 437 | 81.8 | 77.1 to 85.7 | 1.4 | −6.0 to 8.7 | −1.4 | −8.1 to 5.2 |
Engaging in any sports activity | 86 | 23.9 | 18.0 to 31.0 | 262 | 52.3 | 46.5 to 58.0 | 28.4 | 19.1 to 37.7 | 28.5 | 18.0 to 39.0 |
Combination goal 1 | 5 | 1.7 | 0.5 to 5.1 | 60 | 11.4 | 8.4 to 15.4 | 9.8 | 5.8 to 13.7 | 9.5 | 6.0 to 13.0 |
Combination goal 2 | 31 | 10.9 | 7.2 to 16.0 | 201 | 39.6 | 34.0 to 45.4 | 28.7 | 21.6 to 35.8 | 31.1 | 24.3 to 37.8 |
Patient self-management | ||||||||||
Self-monitoring of blood glucose | 119 | 37.4 | 30.8 to 44.6 | 318 | 62.8 | 57.3 to 68.0 | 25.3 | 16.8 to 33.9 | 24.0 | 15.6 to 32.5 |
Holding a diabetes passport | 172 | 46.9 | 39.8 to 54.2 | 287 | 54.2 | 48.4 to 60.0 | 7.3 | −1.2 to 15.9 | 2.4 | −7.1 to 11.8 |
Care processes | ||||||||||
Last eye examination ≤12 months | 170 | 51.1 | 44.8 to 57.3 | 389 | 78.4 | 73.6 to 82.6 | 27.3 | 19.3 to 35.4 | 22.2 | 12.8 to 31.5 |
Last foot examination ≤12 months | 151 | 48.0 | 41.2 to 54.9 | 303 | 61.4 | 55.3 to 67.1 | 13.4 | 4.0 to 22.8 | 10.0 | 0.6 to 19.3 |
Any ACE inhibitor or ARB | 119 | 34.7 | 28.6 to 41.3 | 335 | 60.7 | 54.6 to 66.4 | 26.0 | 17.2 to 34.7 | 22.7 | 12.7 to 32.6 |
Any lipid-lowering medication | 62 | 18.2 | 13.8 to 23.7 | 216 | 39.6 | 33.8 to 45.7 | 21.4 | 13.7 to 29.0 | 18.8 | 10.6 to 27.0 |
Statin use | 40 | 11.7 | 8.4 to 16.1 | 195 | 35.9 | 30.3 to 41.9 | 24.2 | 17.6 to 30.9 | 22.5 | 15.3 to 29.7 |
Complications/comorbidities/CVD risk | ||||||||||
Any diabetes-specific complication | 93 | 29.7 | 23.9 to 36.2 | 107 | 21.8 | 17.9 to 26.3 | −7.9 | −15.6 to −0.2 | −9.7 | −17.0 to −2.0 |
Comorbid CVD | 138 | 44.5 | 38.0 to 51.3 | 184 | 37.1 | 31.3 to 43.3 | −7.4 | −16.7 to 1.8 | −10.3 | −21.0 to 0.6 |
Comorbid chronic kidney disease | 120 | 44.8 | 37.9 to 51.8 | 226 | 40.3 | 34.8 to 46.0 | −4.5 | −13.1 to 4.2 | −9.1 | −20.0 to 1.3 |
UKPDS risk (in %) for persons without CVD | 172 | 21.0 | 18.9 to 23.2 | 303 | 15.9 | 14.5 to 17.3 | −5.2 | −7.7 to −2.7 | −6.1 | −8.2 to −4.1 |
Results for absolute changes in bold print denote statistically significant differences based on p values derived from descriptive analyses (unadjusted change) or logistic regression models (adjusted change).
Individualized HbA1c target: <8.0% (64 mmol/mol) for adults with diabetes-specific complications or comorbid CVD, <7.0% (53 mmol/mol) for adults 45–64 years, and <7.5% (58 mmol/mol) for adults 65–79 years without these problems. Combination goal 1: HbA1c <7.0% (53 mmol/mol) and blood pressure <130/80 mm Hg and total cholesterol <190 mg/dL and not currently smoking; Combination goal 2: HbA1c <7.5% (58 mmol/mol) and blood pressure <140/90 mm Hg and total cholesterol <240 mg/dL and not currently smoking.
Denominators vary due to the number of persons with missing values. Missing values (GNHIES98, DEGS1): HbA1c (n=26, n=8), individualized HbA1c target (n=28, n=63), total cholesterol (n=24, n=6), blood pressure (n=1, n=2), combination goal 1 and goal 2 (n=41, n=15), self-monitoring blood glucose (n=5, n=12), holding a diabetes passport (n=5, n=12), eye examination (n=5, n=24), foot examination (n=5, n=34), any lipid-lowering medication and statin use (n=0, n=1), diabetes-specific complication (n=5, n=72), comorbid CVD (n=0, n=25), comorbid chronic kidney disease (n=56, n=7), UKPDS risk (n=23, n=14).
*Adjusted for sex, age group (45–64, 65–79 years), region (northwest, central west, northeast, central east, south), community size (rural town, small, middle-sized, and large cities), educational level (primary, middle, high), duration of diabetes (<5, 5–14, ≥15 years) and significant first-order interactions (p<0.100) as shown in the online supplementary table 1A.
†Weighted and standardized to the population of 31 December 2010.
ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; UKPDS, UK Prospective Diabetes Study.