Tertiles of baseline serum total carotenoid concentration | |||
---|---|---|---|
Lowest | Middle | Highest | |
n | 288 | 288 | 288 |
Male (%) | 44.8 | 29.5 | 17.4 |
Age (years) | 50.4 (10.3) | 55.9 (9.8)§§ | 58.1 (8.1)§§ |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.0 (3.4) | 22.9 (3.1) | 22.4 (2.7)§ |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)† | 5.09 (5.04 to 5.15) | 5.17 (5.11 to 5.23) | 5.20 (5.14 to 5.26)§ |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127.5 (19.0) | 130.8 (19.8) | 130.3 (18.1) |
Serum total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.13 (0.87) | 5.54 (0.86)§§ | 5.84 (0.79)§§ |
Serum triacylglycerol (mmol/L)† | 1.03 (0.97 to 1.10) | 1.02 (0.96 to 1.08) | 0.98 (0.92 to 1.03) |
Dietary intake | |||
Total energy (kcal/day) | |||
Including ethanol | 2110.4 (561.4) | 2032.1 (506.4) | 2022.7 (553.4) |
Excluding ethanol | 2001.3 (531.6) | 1986.6 (497.6) | 2000.1 (546.4) |
Ethanol (g/day) | 16.5 (29.6) | 6.8 (15.2)§§ | 3.1 (9.0)§§ |
Protein (g/day) | 72.7 (21.9) | 74.4 (22.4) | 74.6 (24.8) |
Fat (g/day) | 55.1 (21.2) | 53.6 (20.2) | 53.3 (21.8) |
Carbohydrate (g/day) | 300.3 (75.7) | 295.2 (68.7) | 298.6 (71.8) |
Fiber (g/day) | 11.9 (4.9) | 13.4 (4.6)§§ | 14.8 (5.6)§§ |
Serum carotenoid concentrations (mmol/L)† | |||
Lutein | 0.45 (0.44 to 0.47) | 0.58 (0.56 to 0.61)§§ | 0.67 (0.64 to 0.70)§§ |
Lycopene | 0.22 (0.20 to 0.24) | 0.29 (0.27 to 0.31)§§ | 0.36 (0.33 to 0.39)§§ |
α-Carotene | 0.09 (0.09 to 0.10) | 0.14 (0.13 to 0.15)§§ | 0.18 (0.17 to 0.19)§§ |
β-Carotene | 0.36 (0.34 to 0.38) | 0.64 (0.61 to 0.66)§§ | 1.08 (1.03 to 1.13)§§ |
β-Cryptoxanthn | 0.54 (0.51 to 0.58) | 1.35 (1.28 to 1.42)§§ | 3.25 (3.10 to 3.42)§§ |
Zeaxanthin | 0.19 (0.19 to 0.20) | 0.23 (0.22 to 0.24)§§ | 0.28 (0.27 to 0.28)§§ |
Provitamin A carotenoid | 1.05 (1.00 to 1.10) | 2.25 (2.19 to 2.32)§§ | 4.69 (4.52 to 4.86)§§ |
Non-provitamin A carotenoid | 0.91 (0.88 to 0.94) | 1.16 (1.12 to 1.20)§§ | 1.36 (1.31 to 1.41)§§ |
Total carotenoid | 2.01 (1.95 to 2.08) | 3.50 (3.44 to 3.55)§§ | 6.16 (5.98 to 6.34)§§ |
Current tobacco use (%) | 20.8 | 9.0 | 2.8 |
Exercise habits (%) | 19.9 | 20.9 | 24.5 |
*Data are mean (SD), geometric mean (95% CI), or per cent.
†These variables were represented as original scale after analysis by log (natural) transformed values.
§p<0.05, §§p<0.001 versus the lowest tertile of serum total carotenoid concentration by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for age followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison test.