Table 1

Patient characteristics and clinical factors grouped by α-HB tertiles (μg/mL)

Variable<3.9
n=73
3.9–5.6
n=72
>5.6
n=72
p Value*
Age (years)52 (16)50 (13)52 (15)0.68
Male (n (%))32 (44)31 (43)33 (46)0.94
BMI (kg/m2)30.5 (7.6)32.8 (7.8)32.6 (9.2)0.18
Glucose (mg/dL)88 (11)94 (14) †94 (18)†0.024
1 h glucose (mg/dL)125 (50)154 (45)†163 (59)†<0.0001
1 h glucose ≥155 (mg/dL) (n (%))17 (23)28 (39)43 (60)<0.0001
2 h glucose (mg/dL)103 (47)130 (51)†126 (62)†0.0057
2 h glucose ≥140 (mg/dL) (n (%))12 (16)24 (33)20 (28)0.0601
HbA1c (%)5.3 (0.4)5.5 (0.8)5.5 (0.7)0.12‡
Insulin (μU/mL)11.0 (10.2)16.7 (16.1)†14.9 (13.2)†0.0020
C-peptide (ng/mL)2.8 (1.6)3.4 (2.0)†3.3 (1.8)0.0232
CLIX7.1 (4.7)4.8 (2.5)†5.9 (7.4)†0.0023
Matsuda Index‡7.0 (5.4)4.1 (2.7)†5.5 (5.3)†0.0019
AUCglucose227 (75)272 (67)†279 (92)†0.0001
AUCinsulin146 (131)159 (98)171 (179)0.26‡
AUCinsulin/glucose0.63 (0.47)0.60 (0.36)0.62 (0.62)0.68‡
AUCinsulin/glucose×Matsuda Index3.2 (2.0)1.9 (0.9)†2.3 (2.9)†<0.0001
L-GPC*20.0 (8.3)19.5 (9.5)20.1 (14.5)0.61
Anti-GAD Positive (n (%))3 (4.1)1 (1.4)4 (5.6)0.40
Triglycerides (mg/dL)136 (159)132 (92)117 (71)0.40‡
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)59 (19)53 (14)55 (17)0.19
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)101 (37)109 (36)103 (40)0.42
  • Data are mean (SD) unless stated otherwise, N=217.

  • *One-way ANOVA and χ2 test for continuous and categorical data, respectively.

  • †Dunnett adjusted p value <0.05 compared to the lowest α-HB tertile.

  • ‡Used natural logarithm transformation for improved normality and homoscedasticity of residual errors in ANOVA models.

  • α-HB, α-hydroxybutyrate; AUC, area under curve; ANOVA, analysis of variance; BMI, body mass index; CLIX, Clamp-like Index; GAD, glutamic acid decarboxylase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; L-GPC, linoleoylglycerophosphocholine. Bold highlights the significant p values (<0.05).