Variable | <3.9 n=73 | 3.9–5.6 n=72 | >5.6 n=72 | p Value* |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 52 (16) | 50 (13) | 52 (15) | 0.68 |
Male (n (%)) | 32 (44) | 31 (43) | 33 (46) | 0.94 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 30.5 (7.6) | 32.8 (7.8) | 32.6 (9.2) | 0.18 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 88 (11) | 94 (14) † | 94 (18)† | 0.024 |
1 h glucose (mg/dL) | 125 (50) | 154 (45)† | 163 (59)† | <0.0001 |
1 h glucose ≥155 (mg/dL) (n (%)) | 17 (23) | 28 (39) | 43 (60) | <0.0001 |
2 h glucose (mg/dL) | 103 (47) | 130 (51)† | 126 (62)† | 0.0057 |
2 h glucose ≥140 (mg/dL) (n (%)) | 12 (16) | 24 (33) | 20 (28) | 0.0601 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.3 (0.4) | 5.5 (0.8) | 5.5 (0.7) | 0.12‡ |
Insulin (μU/mL) | 11.0 (10.2) | 16.7 (16.1)† | 14.9 (13.2)† | 0.0020‡ |
C-peptide (ng/mL) | 2.8 (1.6) | 3.4 (2.0)† | 3.3 (1.8) | 0.0232‡ |
CLIX | 7.1 (4.7) | 4.8 (2.5)† | 5.9 (7.4)† | 0.0023‡ |
Matsuda Index‡ | 7.0 (5.4) | 4.1 (2.7)† | 5.5 (5.3)† | 0.0019‡ |
AUCglucose | 227 (75) | 272 (67)† | 279 (92)† | 0.0001 |
AUCinsulin | 146 (131) | 159 (98) | 171 (179) | 0.26‡ |
AUCinsulin/glucose | 0.63 (0.47) | 0.60 (0.36) | 0.62 (0.62) | 0.68‡ |
AUCinsulin/glucose×Matsuda Index | 3.2 (2.0) | 1.9 (0.9)† | 2.3 (2.9)† | <0.0001‡ |
L-GPC* | 20.0 (8.3) | 19.5 (9.5) | 20.1 (14.5) | 0.61 |
Anti-GAD Positive (n (%)) | 3 (4.1) | 1 (1.4) | 4 (5.6) | 0.40 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 136 (159) | 132 (92) | 117 (71) | 0.40‡ |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 59 (19) | 53 (14) | 55 (17) | 0.19 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 101 (37) | 109 (36) | 103 (40) | 0.42 |
Data are mean (SD) unless stated otherwise, N=217.
*One-way ANOVA and χ2 test for continuous and categorical data, respectively.
†Dunnett adjusted p value <0.05 compared to the lowest α-HB tertile.
‡Used natural logarithm transformation for improved normality and homoscedasticity of residual errors in ANOVA models.
α-HB, α-hydroxybutyrate; AUC, area under curve; ANOVA, analysis of variance; BMI, body mass index; CLIX, Clamp-like Index; GAD, glutamic acid decarboxylase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; L-GPC, linoleoylglycerophosphocholine. Bold highlights the significant p values (<0.05).