Table 2

Self-stigma and patient activation (PAM-13) levels in participants with HbA1c and diabetes-related complications (n=209)

Self-stigma*Patient activation† (PAM-13)
Patient characteristicsMean (±SD)Mean (±SD)
HbA1c
 <7% (53 mmol/mol) (n=103)68.7 (±17.6)53.5 (±9.2)
 ≥7% (53 mmol/mol) (n=106)73.4 (±15.3)50.2 (±9.2)
Number of diabetes-related complications‡
 0 (n=129)69.1 (±16.8)52.5 (±9.6)
 1 (n=52)73.4 (±15.8)50.8 (±8.3)
 ≥ 2 (n=28)76.0 (±15.9)50.8 (±9.9)
Quality of diabetes-related complications§
 Without eye problems (n=161)69.5 (±16.6)52.0 (±9.1)
 With eye problems (n=48)76.4 (±15.8)51.2 (±10.0)
  • *Self-Stigma Scale (SSS-J).

  • †Patient Activation Measure (PAM-13).

  • ‡Diabetes Complications Index (DCI).

  • §Diabetes-related complications on whether participants had retinopathy and/or cataract.

  • HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.