Description of the study population
| Full sample (N=1709) | Normal fasting glycemia (N=951) | Impaired fasting glycemia (N=403) | Previously undetected diabetes (N=105) | Previously diagnosed diabetes (N=250) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex male % (95% CI)* | 44.5 (42.2 to 46.9) | 35.7 (32.6 to 38.8) | 55.3 (50,3 to 60,3) | 57.1 (47.1 to 66.8) | 55.6 (49.2 to 61.9) |
| Mean age (SD) | 64.9 (7.5) | 63.9 (7.6) | 66.0 (7.0) | 64.5 (7.9) | 66.9 (7.2) |
| Birth in foreign country % (95% CI)*†‡ | 7.6 (6.4 to 9.0) | 8.2 (6.6 to 10.2) | 7.4 (5.1 to 10.5) | 6.7 (2.7 to 13.3) | 6.0 (3.4 to 9.7) |
| Living with partner % (95% CI)*‡ | 74.6 (72.4 to 76.6) | 73.3 (70.4 to 76.1) | 76.6 (72.2 to 80.7) | 75.2 (65.9 to 83.1) | 75.6 (69.8 to 80.8) |
| Education*†‡ | |||||
| Up to 10 years % (95% CI) | 12.9 (11.3 to 14.6) | 12.0 (10.0 to 14.3) | 12.4 (9.4 to 16.0) | 10.5 (5.3 to 18.0) | 18.0 (13.4 to 23.3) |
| 11–13 years % (95% CI) | 64.9 (61.9 to 68.1) | 65.0 (61.9 to 68.1) | 64.0 (59.1 to 68.7) | 73.3 (63.8 to 81.5) | 62.4 (56.1 to 68.4) |
| 14–17 years % (95% CI) | 18.2 (16.4 to 20.1) | 17.2 (14.8 to 19.7) | 21.6 (17.7 to 25.9) | 16.2 (9.7 to 24.7) | 17.2 (12.7 to 22.5) |
| At least 18 years % (95% CI) | 4.0 (3.2 to 5.1) | 5.8 (4.4 to 7.5) | 2.0 (0.9 to 3.9) | 0.0 (0.0 to 3.5) | 2.4 (0.9 to 5.2) |
| Equivalent household income*‡ | |||||
| Lowest quartile % (95% CI) | 24.6 (22.5 to 26.8) | 23.2 (20.5 to 26.1) | 24.2 (20.0 to 28.8) | 26.5 (18.1 to 36.4) | 29.9 (24.0 to 36.2) |
| 2nd quartile % (95% CI) | 25.4 (23.3 to 27.6) | 27.5 (24.6 to 30.6) | 24.7 (20.5 to 29.4) | 21.4 (13.8 to 30.9) | 19.9 (15.0 to 25.7) |
| 3rd quartile % (95% CI) | 23.9 (21.9 to 26.1) | 22.8 (20.0 to 25.7) | 24.5 (20.3 to 29.1) | 25.5 (17.2 to 35.3) | 26.8 (21.2 to 33.0) |
| Highest quartile % (95% CI) | 26.1 (23.9 to 28.3) | 26.5 (23.6 to 29.6) | 26.6 (22.2 to 31.3) | 26.5 (18.1 to 36.4) | 23.4 (18.1 to 29.4) |
| Status of employment*‡ | |||||
| Full-time or part-time employed % (95% CI) | 25.8 (23.7 to 27.9) | 30.9 (28.0 to 34.0) | 21.0 (17.1 to 25.3) | 32.7 (23.8 to 42.6) | 11.2 (7.6 to 15.8) |
| Retired % (95% CI) | 58.8 (56.5 to 61.2) | 52.7 (49.5 to 56.0) | 65.1 (60.2 to 69.8) | 54.8 (44.7 to 64.6) | 73.6 (67.7 to 79.0) |
| Unemployed % (95% CI) | 4.1 (3.2 to 5.1) | 3.7 (2.6 to 5.1) | 4.2 (2.5 to 6.7) | 1.9 (0.2 to 6.8) | 6.0 (3.4 to 9.7) |
| Other % (95% CI) | 11.3 (9.9 to 12.9) | 12.7 (10.6 to 14.9) | 9.7 (7.0 to 13.1) | 10.6 (5.4 to 18.1) | 9.2 (5.9 to 13.5) |
| Mean HbA1c % (SD)‡ | 5.7 (0.8) | 5.4 (0.4) | 5.6 (0.5) | 6.1 (0.9) | 6.8 (1.2) |
| Mmol/mol (SD) | 38.9 (8.6) | 35.8 (4.5) | 37.7 (5.4) | 43.3 (9.6) | 50.8 (12.8) |
| Hypertension % (95% CI)*ठ| 67.3 (65.0 to 69.5) | 56.8 (53.6 to 60.0) | 74.7 (70.1 to 78.9) | 81.9 (73.2 to 88.7) | 89.2 (84.7 to 92.8) |
| Stroke % (95% CI)*ठ| 1.6 (1.1 to 2.4) | 1.0 (0.4 to 1.8) | 2.0 (0.9 to 3.9) | 1.0 (0.0 to 5.2) | 4.0 (1.9 to 7.2) |
| Myocardial infarction % (95% CI)*§ | 1.2 (0.7 to 1.8) | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.1) | 0.7 (0.2 to 2.2) | 2.9 (0.6 to 8.1) | 1.2 (0.2 to 3.5) |
| Mean BMI (kg/m²) (SD)‡¶ | 28.6 (4.9) | 27.5 (4.4) | 29.0 (4.9) | 30.7 (5.5) | 31.0 (5.1) |
| Weight status*ঠ| |||||
| Underweight % (95% CI) (BMI <18.5 kg/m²) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.7) | 0.4 (0.1 to 1.1) | 0.3 (0.0 to 1.4) | 0.0 (0.0 to 3.5) | 0.0 (0.0 to 1.5) |
| Normal weight % (95% CI) (BMI 18.5−<25.0 kg/m²) | 22.4 (20.4 to 24.4) | 27.9 (25.1 to 30.9) | 17.7 (14.1 to 21.8) | 18.3 (11.4 to 27.1) | 10.5 (7.0 to 15.0) |
| Overweight % (95% CI) (BMI 25.0−<30.0 kg/m²) | 44.1 (41.7 to 46.5) | 48.0 (44.7 to 51.2) | 44.9 (39.9 to 49.9) | 26.0 (17.9 to 35.5) | 35.5 (29.5 to 41.8) |
| Obesity I % (95% CI) (BMI 30.0−<35.0 kg/m²) | 23.4 (21.4 to 25.5) | 17.7 (15.3 to 20.3) | 26.9 (22.7 to 31.6) | 40.4 (30.9 to 50.5) | 32.3 (26.5 to 38.5) |
| Obesity II % (95% CI) (BMI 35.0−<40.0 kg/m²) | 7.1 (5.9 to 8.4) | 4.2 (3.0 to 5.7) | 6.2 (4.1 to 9.1) | 9.6 (4.7 to 17.0) | 18.2 (13.6 to 23.5) |
| Obesity III % (95% CI) (BMI≥40.0 kg/m²) | 2.8 (2.1 to 3.7) | 1.8 (1.0 to 2.9) | 4.0 (2.3 to 6.4) | 5.8 (2.1 to 12.1) | 3.6 (1.7 to 6.8) |
HNR study, follow-up examination (2006–2008), Germany.
Data are given as means with SDs (SD) or proportions with CIs (CIs).
*95% CI calculated using the exact method proposed by Clopper and Pearson.
†Baseline data.
‡Number of missing values: birth in foreign country: 2, living with partner: 4, education: 2, equivalent household income: 117, status of employment: 6, extent of employment: 6, HbA1c: 33, hypertension: 2, BMI: 7.
§Classified according to the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hypertension guidelines (available from http://ish-world.com/news/a/New-ISH-Hypertension-Guidelines-published-in-December-2013-together-with-the-American-Society-of-Hypertension-ASH-./).29
¶Classified according to the WHO classification scheme. http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp?introPage=intro_3.html.30
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.