Table 1

Prevalence of dilated eye examination in the past 12 months by eye examination history and predisposing, enabling, need, and ocular knowledge factors of Ocular SOL participants by diabetes status

	No diabetes (N=971)			Diabetes (N=264)
	n	%/Mean	SE*	n	%/Mean	SE*
Last complete dilated eye examination
Within last 12 months	296	36.52	2.13	135	61.80	3.54
1–3 years ago	274	29.65	2.00	64	22.45	3.10
3–5 years ago	103	11.31	1.22	16	6.37	1.98
>5 years ago	151	17.77	1.60	21	6.49	1.33
Never	47	4.75	0.76	7	2.89	1.12
Predisposing factors (traditional)
Age group (years)
40–54	602	61.37	2.33	89	26.81	3.35
55–64	306	25.71	1.95	119	31.86	3.05
65+	63	12.92	1.62	56	41.33	4.38
Gender
Women	606	54.44	1.77	151	49.48	3.80
Men	365	45.56	1.77	113	50.52	3.80
Hispanic Latino background
Cuban	580	72.52	2.20	168	76.27	3.32
Central/South American	329	20.35	1.75	78	14.91	2.46
Other	62	7.13	1.21	18	8.82	2.44
Marital status
Single	192	18.47	1.67	44	15.69	3.32
Married or living with partner	522	56.72	2.59	150	54.55	3.99
Separated, divorced, or widowed	256	24.81	1.77	67	29.75	3.50
Educational attainment
No HS degree/GED	238	22.57	2.00	90	34.11	3.06
HS degree/GED	256	25.68	2.06	59	21.53	2.80
>HS degree/GED	477	51.75	2.24	113	44.36	3.30
Employment status
Employed	63	10.20	1.46	45	26.08	4.31
Retired and not currently employed	418	41.08	2.00	139	46.86	3.90
Unemployed	489	48.72	1.85	79	27.06	3.58
Predisposing factors (vulnerable)
Place of birth
Foreign born	935	95.08	1.25	256	97.83	0.94
USA born (including territories)	36	4.92	1.25	6	2.17	0.94
Years lived in USA (among foreign born)
≥5	263	30.26	2.20	52	19.72	3.12
6–15	356	34.85	1.96	90	32.91	4.36
>15	352	34.89	2.69	122	47.37	5.07
SASH Language Preference subscale	970	1.40	0.026	262	1.33	0.05
SASH Ethnic Social Relations subscale	889	1.97	0.023	239	1.96	0.04
Enabling factors
Health insurance
Currently insured	338	40.11	2.91	143	67.87	3.81
Currently uninsured	416	40.44	2.47	66	18.70	2.37
Never been insured	211	19.45	1.78	50	13.43	2.88
Type of health insurance
Medicaid	27	3.91	1.11	15	5.09	1.73
Medicare	166	19.68	1.93	83	41.94	3.84
Private	141	15.62	2.20	42	19.04	3.79
Other insurance	4	0.52	0.33	3	0.98	0.58
None	633	60.27	2.90	121	32.95	3.90
Vision insurance (separate from health)
Yes	52	6.52	1.32	22	11.54	3.08
No	913	93.48	1.32	242	88.46	3.08
Household income
<$20 000	517	56.20	2.54	153	64.20	4.06
$20 001–$40 000	262	30.31	2.11	66	29.22	3.79
>$40 000	84	13.50	1.91	14	6.58	2.50
Difficulty communicating with a healthcare provider in the past 12 months
No	350	37.96	2.65	145	59.34	4.33
Yes	38	3.42	0.75	16	5.97	1.95
Did not see provider past 12 months	583	58.62	2.84	103	34.69	4.54
Could not get needed healthcare in the previous 12 months because of cost
No	813	83.99	1.86	228	90.76	2.10
Yes	158	16.01	1.86	36	9.24	2.10
Need factors
Mean SF-12 Physical Health Score	953	49.88	0.44	257	43.63	0.94
Mean SF-12 Mental Health Score	953	49.49	0.45	257	47.90	1.03
6-Item Neurocognitive Score (continuous)	805	5.46	0.03	244	5.33	0.07
Word fluency score (continuous)	799	18.65	0.35	241	16.75	0.50
Digital symbol score (continuous)	790	34.59	0.66	239	29.28	0.75
Self-reported chronic diseases
None	474	48.16	2.05	41	14.61	2.64
One	382	38.83	1.91	74	24.28	2.94
Two or more	115	13.01	1.42	149	61.11	3.36
Smoking status
Never	513	52.43	1.97	130	49.47	4.06
Former	227	22.66	1.75	85	35.44	3.46
Current	227	24.91	2.07	47	15.09	2.19
NIAAA risky alcohol use
Non-drinker	335	39.69	2.17	116	57.37	4.39
Low-risk drinker	385	53.87	2.23	69	38.63	4.54
At-risk drinker	47	6.44	1.17	10	4.00	1.34
Meets 2008 physical activity guidelines
No	420	43.41	1.79	136	56.59	3.42
Yes	550	56.59	1.79	126	43.41	3.42
HbA1C (continuous)	965	37.08	0.18	262	56.09	1.53
Self-reported visual impairment
Excellent/good	493	53.23	2.06	147	58.13	4.43
Fair	391	37.42	2.03	90	32.60	4.04
Poor/very poor	86	9.34	1.18	26	9.27	1.96
NEI-VFQ composite score	971	86.62	0.77	264	84.05	1.07
Ocular knowledge factors
Self-reported diabetes status at baseline examination
No	961	98.91	0.40	117	41.34	3.39
Yes	9	1.09	0.40	145	58.66	3.39
General eye knowledge summary scale	971	6.88	0.06	264	6.92	0.12
Heard/seen something about eye health past 12 months from various sources
No sources	292	29.96	1.89	68	27.67	3.26
One source	362	35.52	1.96	94	34.98	3.44
Two or more sources	317	34.52	2.28	100	37.36	3.53
Heard of diabetic retinopathy
Yes	318	34.89	1.95	120	46.67	3.73
No	652	65.11	1.95	143	53.33	3.73

Ocular SOL, Ocular Study of Latinos; NEI-VFQ, National Eye Institute-Visual Functioning Questionnaire; SASH, Short Acculturation Score for Hispanics/Latinos; SE, standard error.