HbA1c test (≥1 per year) | HbA1c test (≥1 per 3 months) | Eye examination | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p Value | OR | 95% CI | p Value | OR | 95% CI | p Value | |
Sex | |||||||||
Men | 1.08 | (0.96 to 1.22) | 0.187 | 0.95 | (0.87 to 1.04) | 0.261 | 0.59* | (0.54 to 0.64) | <0.001 |
Women | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
Age | |||||||||
20–29 | 0.60* | (0.39 to 0.93) | 0.023 | 1.10 | (0.75 to 1.62) | 0.625 | 0.43* | (0.29 to 0.64) | <0.001 |
30–39 | 0.72* | (0.57 to 0.91) | 0.005 | 1.05 | (0.88 to 1.26) | 0.587 | 0.53* | (0.44 to 0.64) | <0.001 |
40–49 | 0.77* | (0.66 to 0.91) | 0.002 | 1.05 | (0.93 to 1.19) | 0.406 | 0.56* | (0.50 to 0.63) | <0.001 |
50–59 | 0.90 | (0.78 to 1.03) | 0.134 | 0.98 | (0.88 to 1.09) | 0.714 | 0.68* | (0.61 to 0.75) | <0.001 |
60–69 | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
Prescription | |||||||||
Insulin injection | 1.01 | (0.75 to 1.36) | 0.933 | 1.90* | (1.64 to 2.19) | <0.001 | 2.15* | (1.89 to 2.44) | <0.001 |
Oral antihyperglycemic agents | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
No diabetes-related prescriptions | 0.09* | (0.08 to 0.10) | <0.001 | 0.17* | (0.16 to 0.19) | <0.001 | 0.54* | (0.49 to 0.59) | <0.001 |
Types of consultation medical facility | |||||||||
Only one clinic | 1.14* | (1.01 to 1.28) | 0.029 | 0.57* | (0.53 to 0.62) | <0.001 | 0.60* | (0.55 to 0.65) | <0.001 |
Others | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
Urine microalbumin excretion test | Serum creatinine test | Serum lipid test | |||||||
OR | 95% CI | p Value | OR | 95% CI | p Value | OR | 95% CI | p Value | |
Sex | |||||||||
Men | 1.21* | (1.06 to 1.39) | 0.005 | 0.92 | (0.81 to 1.03) | 0.153 | 0.90 | (0.80 to 1.02) | 0.107 |
Women | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
Age | |||||||||
20–29 | 0.69 | (0.34 to 1.40) | 0.302 | 1.30 | (0.72 to 2.33) | 0.387 | 1.00 | (0.60 to 1.66) | 0.999 |
30–39 | 1.17 | (0.90 to 1.52) | 0.233 | 1.07 | (0.83 to 1.37) | 0.623 | 0.97 | (0.76 to 1.24) | 0.789 |
40–49 | 1.21* | (1.01 to 1.44) | 0.037 | 0.94 | (0.80 to 1.11) | 0.498 | 0.94 | (0.80 to 1.12) | 0.496 |
50–59 | 1.00 | (0.85 to 1.17) | 0.971 | 0.86* | (0.75 to 1.00) | 0.043 | 0.92 | (0.80 to 1.06) | 0.256 |
60–69 | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
Prescription | |||||||||
Insulin injection | 1.50* | (1.27 to 1.77) | <0.001 | 1.22 | (0.98 to 1.53) | 0.07 | 1.31* | (1.03 to 1.65) | 0.026 |
Oral antihyperglycemic agents | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
No diabetes-related prescriptions | 0.31* | (0.27 to 0.37) | <0.001 | 0.55* | (0.49 to 0.62) | <0.001 | 0.45* | (0.40 to 0.51) | <0.001 |
Type of medical consultation facility | |||||||||
Only one clinic | 1.37* | (1.21 to 1.55) | <0.001 | 0.55* | (0.49 to 0.62) | <0.001 | 0.63* | (0.56 to 0.71) | <0.001 |
Others | Reference | Reference | Reference |
*p<0.05.
†Separate multivariate logistic regression models were constructed for six quality indicators. Sex, age, prescription, medical consultation facility, and nine comorbid conditions (listed in table 1) were included in each multivariate logistic regression model. The references for the ORs in each comorbid condition are the condition-negative subgroups.
HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.