Table 2

Adjusted ORs† for process quality indicators by sex, age, prescription, and types of medical consultation facility

	HbA1c test (≥1 per year)			HbA1c test (≥1 per 3 months)			Eye examination
	OR	95% CI	p Value	OR	95% CI	p Value	OR	95% CI	p Value
Sex
Men	1.08	(0.96 to 1.22)	0.187	0.95	(0.87 to 1.04)	0.261	0.59*	(0.54 to 0.64)	<0.001
Women	Reference			Reference			Reference
Age
20–29	0.60*	(0.39 to 0.93)	0.023	1.10	(0.75 to 1.62)	0.625	0.43*	(0.29 to 0.64)	<0.001
30–39	0.72*	(0.57 to 0.91)	0.005	1.05	(0.88 to 1.26)	0.587	0.53*	(0.44 to 0.64)	<0.001
40–49	0.77*	(0.66 to 0.91)	0.002	1.05	(0.93 to 1.19)	0.406	0.56*	(0.50 to 0.63)	<0.001
50–59	0.90	(0.78 to 1.03)	0.134	0.98	(0.88 to 1.09)	0.714	0.68*	(0.61 to 0.75)	<0.001
60–69	Reference			Reference			Reference
Prescription
Insulin injection	1.01	(0.75 to 1.36)	0.933	1.90*	(1.64 to 2.19)	<0.001	2.15*	(1.89 to 2.44)	<0.001
Oral antihyperglycemic agents	Reference			Reference			Reference
No diabetes-related prescriptions	0.09*	(0.08 to 0.10)	<0.001	0.17*	(0.16 to 0.19)	<0.001	0.54*	(0.49 to 0.59)	<0.001
Types of consultation medical facility
Only one clinic	1.14*	(1.01 to 1.28)	0.029	0.57*	(0.53 to 0.62)	<0.001	0.60*	(0.55 to 0.65)	<0.001
Others	Reference			Reference			Reference
	Urine microalbumin excretion test			Serum creatinine test			Serum lipid test
	OR	95% CI	p Value	OR	95% CI	p Value	OR	95% CI	p Value
Sex
Men	1.21*	(1.06 to 1.39)	0.005	0.92	(0.81 to 1.03)	0.153	0.90	(0.80 to 1.02)	0.107
Women	Reference			Reference			Reference
Age
20–29	0.69	(0.34 to 1.40)	0.302	1.30	(0.72 to 2.33)	0.387	1.00	(0.60 to 1.66)	0.999
30–39	1.17	(0.90 to 1.52)	0.233	1.07	(0.83 to 1.37)	0.623	0.97	(0.76 to 1.24)	0.789
40–49	1.21*	(1.01 to 1.44)	0.037	0.94	(0.80 to 1.11)	0.498	0.94	(0.80 to 1.12)	0.496
50–59	1.00	(0.85 to 1.17)	0.971	0.86*	(0.75 to 1.00)	0.043	0.92	(0.80 to 1.06)	0.256
60–69	Reference			Reference			Reference
Prescription
Insulin injection	1.50*	(1.27 to 1.77)	<0.001	1.22	(0.98 to 1.53)	0.07	1.31*	(1.03 to 1.65)	0.026
Oral antihyperglycemic agents	Reference			Reference			Reference
No diabetes-related prescriptions	0.31*	(0.27 to 0.37)	<0.001	0.55*	(0.49 to 0.62)	<0.001	0.45*	(0.40 to 0.51)	<0.001
Type of medical consultation facility
Only one clinic	1.37*	(1.21 to 1.55)	<0.001	0.55*	(0.49 to 0.62)	<0.001	0.63*	(0.56 to 0.71)	<0.001
Others	Reference			Reference			Reference

*p<0.05.
†Separate multivariate logistic regression models were constructed for six quality indicators. Sex, age, prescription, medical consultation facility, and nine comorbid conditions (listed in table 1) were included in each multivariate logistic regression model. The references for the ORs in each comorbid condition are the condition-negative subgroups.
HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.