Cases (n=571) | Controls (n=571) | p Value* | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) at blood taken | 59.6±6.13 | 59.7±6.22 | – |
Gender (female) | 335 (58.7) | 335 (58.7) | – |
Dialect (%) | |||
Cantonese | 287 (50.3) | 287 (50.3) | |
Hokkien | 284 (49.7) | 284 (49.7) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8±3.62 | 22.8±3.28 | <0.001 |
Level of education (%) | 0.66 | ||
No formal education | 104 (18.2) | 99 (17.3) | |
Primary school | 255 (44.7) | 233 (40.8) | |
Secondary and above | 212 (37.1) | 239 (41.9) | |
History of hypertension (%) | 265 (46.4) | 148 (25.9) | <0.001 |
Cigarette smoking (%) | 0.23 | ||
Never smokers | 410 (71.8) | 425 (74.4) | |
Former smokers | 63 (11.0) | 71 (12.4) | |
Current smokers | 98 (17.2) | 75 (13.1) | |
Weekly moderate-to-vigorous activity (%) | 0.89 | ||
<0.5 hours/week | 456 (79.9) | 454 (79.5) | |
0.5–3.9 hours/week | 82 (14.4) | 68 (11.9) | |
≥4 hours/week | 33 (5.8) | 49 (8.6) | |
Alcohol intake (%) | 0.93 | ||
Abstainers | 498 (87.2) | 497 (87.0) | |
Weekly drinkers | 55 (9.6) | 59 (10.3) | |
Daily drinkers | 18 (3.2) | 15 (2.6) | |
Fasting status (yes) | 178 (31.2) | 156 (27.3) | 0.15 |
GGT† (IU/L) | 30 (21–46) | 23 (17–35) | <0.001 |
ALT (IU/L) | 27 (20–37) | 20 (15–27) | <0.001 |
AST (IU/L) | 26 (21–32) | 24 (21–29) | <0.001 |
ALP (IU/L) | 84 (68–101) | 77 (66–92) | <0.001 |
LDH (IU/L) | 400±73 | 403±77 | 0.94 |
TC (mmol/L) | 5.31±0.95 | 5.20±0.85 | 0.05 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.08±0.24 | 1.23±0.32 | <0.001 |
TG (mmol/L) | 2.15 (1.45–2.97) | 1.54 (1.07–2.23) | <0.001 |
Adiponectin (µg/mL) | 7.00±2.70 | 9.07±3.76 | <0.001 |
C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 1.8 (1.0–3.5) | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) | <0.001 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 51 | 38 | <0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 6.83±1.44 | 5.55±0.27 | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as mean±SD for continuous variables (normally distributed) and median (IQR) for continuous variables (skewed distributed), and n (percentage) for categorical variables.
Cases and controls are matched on age (±3 years), date of blood draw (±6 months), gender, and dialect group (Cantonese, Hokkien).
*p values based on the McNemar's χ2 test for categorical variables, paired Student's t-test for normally distributed continuous variables, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test for skewed continuous variables.
†GGT concentrations were measured in 510 participants (255 case–control pairs with cases having baseline HbA1c <48 mmol/mol (6.5%)).
ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; GGT, γ-glutamyl transferase; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; SCHS, Singapore Chinese Health Study; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.