ORs for the association of pioglitazone exposure and prostate cancer
| Exposure definitions | Cases (n=756) | Controls (n=2942) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted* OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pioglitazone exposure | ||||
| Never | 714 | 2740 | reference | reference |
| Ever | 42 | 202 | 0.800 (0.560 to 1.143) | 0.759 (0.502 to 1.148) |
| Time since initiating pioglitazone (years) | ||||
| Never | reference | reference | ||
| <4.5 | 31 | 160 | 0.747 (0.499 to 1.118) | 0.640 (0.401 to 1.023) |
| 4.5–8 | 10 | 38 | 1.023 (0.498 to 2.099) | 1.388 (0.612 to 3.147) |
| >8 | 1 | 4 | 0.990 (0.098 to 10.010) | 1.569 (0.126 to 19.500) |
| Test for trend, p | 0.371 | 0.535 | ||
| Duration of pioglitazone (months) | ||||
| Never | reference | reference | ||
| <12 | 15 | 87 | 0.659 (0.375 to 1.159) | 0.504 (0.267 to 0.949) |
| 12–23 | 6 | 47 | 0.503 (0.213 to 1.188) | 0.559 (0.211 to 1.479) |
| 24–35 | 12 | 22 | 2.147 (1.039 to 4.435) | 2.035 (0.820 to 5.050) |
| 36–59 | 6 | 34 | 0.699 (0.287 to 1.705) | 0.822 (0.302 to 2.235) |
| ≥60 | 3 | 12 | 0.958 (0.263 to 3.483) | 1.984 (0.454 to 8.679) |
| Test for trend, p | 0.627 | 0.970 | ||
| Cumulative pioglitazone dose (mg) | ||||
| Never | reference | reference | ||
| 1–9000 | 14 | 91 | 0.587 (0.330 to 1.045) | 0.443 (0.234 to 0.837) |
| 9001–25 000 | 15 | 60 | 0.984 (0.555 to 1.741) | 1.265 (0.640 to 2.501) |
| 25 001–50 000 | 10 | 32 | 1.201 (0.580 to 2.488) | 1.151 (0.492 to 2.693) |
| ≥50 001 | 3 | 19 | 0.607 (0.175 to 2.104) | 1.004 (0.252 to 3.996) |
| Test for trend, p | 0.514 | 0.808 | ||
*Adjusted for: most recent PSA screening test result prior to index date; history of BPH drug treatment (α-blockers) at index date.
BPH, benign prostatic hyperplasia; PSA, prostate-specific antigen.