Table 3

Needle comparisons for different tests

			Estimated difference or ratio
			PF		SBP		Pain
Test	Needle 1	Needle 2	Ratio	p Value	Ratio	p Value	Difference (mm)	p Value
Diameter	NF-32	NF30	1.16*	<0.01	1.04	0.72	0.44	0.90
	NF-32	NF28	1.29*	<0.01	1.51*	<0.01	4.58	0.20
	NF-30	NF28	1.11*	<0.05	1.45*	<0.01	4.13	0.25
Tip design
Asymmetrical 3-grind	NF-32	TER-34	0.71*	<0.01	0.97	0.85	−1.28	0.72
Asymmetrical 3-grind	BD-32	TER-34	1.08	0.06	0.83	0.11	0.28	0.94
3-grind vs 5-grind	NF-32	BD-32	0.66*	<0.01	1.17	0.16	−1.56	0.66
Standard 3-grind vs short 3-grind	HN-32	HN3-32	2.18*	<0.01	1.60*	<0.01	6.71	0.067
	HN-32	HN3-34	1.34*	<0.01	1.28*	0.03	4.14	0.26
	HN3-32	HN3-34	0.62*	<0.01	0.80	0.05	−2.58	0.48
Standard 3-grind vs short 2-grind	HN-32	HN2-32	3.00*	<0.01	1.75*	<0.01	11.97*	<0.01
	HN-32	HN2-34	1.80*	<0.01	1.41*	<0.01	6.58	0.09
	HN2-32	HN2-34	0.60*	<0.01	0.81	0.10	−5.39	0.20
Standard 3-grind vs short 1-grind	HN-32	HN1LO-32	1.34*	<0.01	1.42*	<0.01	2.17	0.55
	HN-32	HN1LO-34	1.33*	<0.01	1.15	0.22	−1.72	0.64
	HN1LO-32	HN1LO-34	0.99	0.89	0.81	0.082	−3.89	0.29
	HN-32	HN1SH-32	2.14*	<0.01	1.74*	<0.01	6.77	0.07
	HN-32	HN1SH-34	1.59*	<0.01	1.26*	0.04	5.28	0.15
	HN1SH-32	HN1SH-34	0.74*	<0.01	0.72*	<0.01	−1.49	0.69
Worn-off silicone	NF-32	NOSILIC	1.51*	<0.01	1.30*	<0.05	0.137	0.96
Hooks	NF-32G	HOOK50	1.94*	<0.01	1.38*	<0.01	3.54	0.33
	NF-32G	HOOK150	5.55*	<0.05	2.48*	<0.01	12.45*	<0.01
	HOOK50	HOOK150	2.86*	<0.01	1.79*	<0.01	8.91*	<0.05

Between-needle comparisons of peak PF and increase of SBP, respectively, are expressed as a ratio. A ratio value higher than 1.00 indicates that needle 2 caused higher PF or SB than needle 1. Pain comparisons are expressed as a difference in mm on a 100 mm VAS scale. A positive value indicates that needle 2 rated higher on pain than needle 1.
*Comparison is statistically different (p<0.05).
PF, penetration force; SBP, skin blood perfusion; VAS, visual analog scale.