All | <25 kg/m2 | 25–29.9 kg/m2 | p Value 25–29.9 vs <25 kg/m2 | ≥30 kg/m2 | p Value ≥30 vs <25 kg/m2 | p Value ≥25 vs <25 kg/m2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 3312 | 2398 (72.4) | 649 (19.6) | 265 (8.0) | |||
Age (year) | 31.6±5.7 | 31.5±5.8 | 32.2±5.6 | 0.093 | 31.7±5.5 | 0.865 | 0.372 |
BW (kg) | 69.4±12.5 | 63.3+6.4 | 75.2±7.3 | 0.0001 | 87.8±12.8 | 0.001 | 0.0001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.8±3.1 | 23.9±2.4 | 29.0±1.9 | 0.0001 | 33.9±2.9 | 0.001 | 0.0001 |
WG at screening | 25.2±3.1 | 25.1+2.8 | 25.4±4.2 | 0.959 | 25.3±3.1 | 0.325 | 0.834 |
Prepregnancy BW (kg) | 61.9±11.7 | 56.9±6.6 | 69.9±6.9 | 0.0001 | 84.7±5.7 | 0.001 | 0.0001 |
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 23.0±4.3 | 21.5±2.1 | 27.0±1.4 | 0.0001 | 32.7±2.2 | 0.001 | 0.0001 |
Weight gain at screening | 6.0±4.4 | 6.5±4.3 | 5.2±3.9 | 0.001 | 3.6±5.4 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
≤5 kg | 1468 (34.0) | 667 (27.8) | 303 (46.7) | 0.001 | 155 (58.6) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
>5 kg | 2187 (66.0) | 1731 (72.2) | 346 (53.3) | 0.001 | 110 (41.4) | 0.001 | 0.0001 |
Ethnicity (in rows) | 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.001 | ||||
Caucasian | 2056 (62.1) | 1568 (76.3) | 335 (16.3) | 153 (7.4) | |||
Hispanic | 1140 (34.4) | 750 (65.8) | 286 (25.1) | 104 (9.1) | |||
African | 39 (1.2) | 35 (89.7) | 2 (5.1) | 2 (5.1) | |||
Asian | 59 (1.8) | 31 (52.5) | 23 (39) | 5 (8.5) | |||
Others | 18 (0.1) | 13 (72.2) | 3 (16.7) | 2 (11.1) | |||
Parity: primiparous | 1469 (44.4) | 1158 (48.3) | 218 (33.6) | 0.001 | 93 (35.2) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Prenatal smoker | 438 (13.5) | 336 (14.0) | 74 (11.4) | 0.088 | 28 (10.8) | 0.252 | 0.282 |
Current smoker | 356 (10.8) | 254 (10.6) | 74 (11.4) | 0.075 | 28 (10.8) | 0.693 | 0.145 |
Family history of MetS | 1510 (45.6) | 937(39.1) | 385 (59.3) | 0.001 | 188 (70.9) | 0.001 | 0.004 |
Prior miscarriage | 790 (23.9) | 543 (22.6) | 180 (27.7) | 0.001 | 67 (25.2) | 0.01 | 0.010 |
Prior GDM | 62 (1.9) | 39 (1.6) | 10 (1.5) | 0.78 | 13 (4.9) | 0.001 | 0.013 |
CCc GDM-screens (n) | 1750 | 1185 | 421 | 144 | |||
GDM/NGT (n) | 185/1565 | 68/1117 | 82/339 | 0.003 | 35/109 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 |
GDM rate (%) | 10.6 | 5.7 | 19.5 | 0.001 | 24.3 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 |
Weight gain at screening (kg, GDM/NGT) | 5.9±6.8/ 6.0±4.7 | 7.3±8.0/ 6.5±4.6 | 5.0±4.2/ 4.9±4.4 | 0.005 0.006 | 3.1±4.2/ 3.3±4.8 | 0.001 0.001 | 0.001 0.001 |
IADPSGc GDM-screens (n) | 1562 | 1213 | 228 | 121 | |||
GDM/NGT (n) | 542/1020 | 319/894 | 142/86 | 0.0001 | 81/40 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 |
GDM rate (%) | 34.7 | 26.3 | 62.2 | 0.0001 | 66.9 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 |
Weight gain at screening (kg, GDM/NGT) | 5.8±3.8/ 6.2±4.1 | 6.5±3.1/ 6.5±4.0 | 5.2±3.8/ 5.6±3.5 | 0.003 0.001 | 3.7±5.3/ 4.4±7.2 | 0.0001 0.0001 | 0.0001 0.001 |
GDM pooled RR (95% CI) | 1 | 1.82 (1.47–2.25) | 0.0001 | 3.26 (2.45–4.35) | 0.001 | ||
Maternal | |||||||
Gestational hypertension | 125 (3.8) | 86 (3.6) | 28 (4.3) | 0.502 | 11 (5.2) | 0.316 | 0.087 |
Cesarean section | 755 (22.8) | 476 (19.8) | 189 (29.1) | 0.01 | 90 (34.0) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Instrumental delivery | 402 (12.1) | 250 (10.4) | 95 (14.7) | 0.013 | 57 (21.6) | 0.01 | 0.014 |
Results expressed as mean±SDM or n (%).
BMI, body mass index; BW, body weight; CCc, Carpenter-Coustan criteria; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; IADPSGc, International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria; MetS, metabolic syndrome; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; RR, relative risk; WG, weeks of gestation.