Background characteristics
| Control (n=109) | Mild/moderate periodontitis (n=126) | Severe periodontitis (n=78) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 48.4±14.8 | 51.1±11.5 | 50.5±10.1 | 0.200 |
| Sex, male (%) | 51 (46.8%) | 50 (39.7%) | 48 (61.5%) | 0.010 |
| Origin, European (%) | 84 (77.1%) | 94 (74.6%) | 53 (67.9%) | 0.364 |
| Education (%) | 0.007 | |||
| Low | 13 (11.9%) | 28 (22.2%) | 21 (26.9%) | |
| Medium | 30 (27.5%) | 47 (37.3%) | 27 (34.6%) | |
| High | 66 (60.6%) | 51 (40.5%) | 30 (38.5%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9±3.7 | 27.2±4.6* | 27.0±4.7* | 0.000 |
| BMI≥25 kg/m2 (%) | 48 (44.0%) | 80 (63.5%) | 47 (60.3%) | 0.008 |
| Smoking status (%) | 0.000 | |||
| Never | 62 (56.9%) | 34 (27.0%) | 12 (15.4%) | |
| Former | 37 (33.9%) | 63 (50.0%) | 37 (47.4%) | |
| Current | 10 (9.2%) | 29 (23.0%) | 29 (37.2%) | |
| Hypertension (%)† | 23 (21.1%) | 24 (19.0%) | 14 (17.9%) | 0.855 |
| Hypercholesterolemia† | 16 (14.7%) | 22 (17.5%) | 17 (21.8%) | 0.451 |
| First-degree relative with diabetes (%) | 40 (36.7%) | 71 (56.3%) | 28 (35.9%) | 0.002 |
| Number of teeth | 28 (20–32) | 27 (16–32)* | 26 (15–32)*‡ | 0.000 |
| Number of teeth with ≥50% bone loss | NA | 1 (0–6)§ | 8 (0–23)¶ | 0.000 |
| Number of teeth with PPD≥6 mm | NA | 4 (0–22) | 16 (1–32) | 0.000 |
| Number of sites with PPD≥6 mm | NA | 7.5 (0–71) | 44.5 (1–115) | 0.000 |
Data are presented as the mean±SD, median, and range, or as n (%).
*Bonferroni test: p value<0.05 compared with control.
†Based on the medical history (Hx).
‡Bonferroni test: p value<0.05 compared with mild/moderate periodontitis.
§n=122.
¶n=72.
BMI, body mass index; NA, not applicable; PPD, probing pocket depth.