Participants' characteristics by willingness to use an information and communication technology-based self-management tool (n=312)
| All (n=312) | Willing (n=157) | Unwilling (n=154) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 66.3±11.5 | 63.6±12.3 | 69.1±10.1 | <0.01 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 198 (63.5) | 102 (65.0) | 95 (61.7) | 0.55 |
| Diabetes type | ||||
| Type 1 | 16 (5.1) | 12 (7.6) | 4 (2.6) | 0.05 |
| Type 2 | 291 (93.3) | 143 (91.1) | 147 (95.5) | |
| Time since diagnosis (years) | 15.3±10.2 | 14.3±9.9 | 16.3±10.4 | 0.09 |
| Treatment | ||||
| Oral hypoglycemic agent | 251 (80.4) | 127 (80.9) | 123 (79.9) | 0.82 |
| Insulin | 81 (26.0) | 46 (29.3) | 34 (22.1) | 0.15 |
| Diet only | 33 (10.6) | 16 (10.2) | 17 (11.0) | 0.81 |
| Self-monitoring of blood glucose levels | 103 (33.0) | 59 (37.6) | 43 (27.9) | 0.07 |
| Complications | ||||
| Hypertension | 233 (74.7) | 110 (70.1) | 123 (79.9) | 0.05 |
| Dyslipidemia | 261 (83.7) | 129 (82.2) | 132 (85.7) | 0.39 |
| Nephropathy (stage 2–4) | 97 (31.1) | 40 (25.5) | 56 (36.4) | 0.04 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 29 (9.3) | 11 (7.0) | 18 (11.7) | 0.16 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 78 (25.0) | 36 (22.9) | 42 (27.3) | 0.38 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.9±0.9 | 7.0±0.9 | 6.9±0.8 | 0.80 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.7±4.7 | 26.0±5.1 | 25.5±4.3 | 0.46 |
| Abdominal circumference (cm) | 91.6±12.2 | 91.9±13.3 | 91.4±11.1 | 0.71 |
| Visceral fat area (cm2) | 92.2±49.4 | 92.7±49.5 | 92.1±49.3 | 0.76 |
| Working status | ||||
| Employed | 151 (48.4) | 88 (56.1) | 62 (40.3) | <0.01 |
| Family | ||||
| Living alone | 72 (23.1) | 35 (22.3) | 37 (24.0) | 0.72 |
| Education | ||||
| University and over | 134 (42.9) | 75 (47.8) | 58 (37.7) | 0.09 |
| Feeling busy in daily life | ||||
| Yes | 120 (38.5) | 73 (46.5) | 47 (30.5) | <0.01 |
| Frequency of outpatient visits | ||||
| Once a month or more | 86 (27.6) | 51 (32.5) | 35 (22.7) | 0.05 |
| Travel time to the hospital (min) | 57.4±30.7 | 57.2±30.6 | 57.5±31.0 | 0.94 |
| Diabetes education | ||||
| Hospitalization with education | 124 (39.7) | 65 (41.4) | 58 (37.7) | 0.47 |
| Group education | 139 (44.6) | 78 (49.7) | 61 (39.6) | 0.07 |
| Diet instructions by dietitians | 264 (84.6) | 134 (85.4) | 129 (83.8) | 0.70 |
| Current use of ICT | ||||
| Internet | 183 (58.7) | 119 (75.8) | 63 (40.9) | <0.01 |
| Personal computers | 171 (54.8) | 111 (70.7) | 59 (38.3) | <0.01 |
| Smartphones | 105 (33.7) | 76 (48.4) | 28 (18.2) | <0.01 |
| Stages of change (diet) | ||||
| Precontemplation | 36 (11.5) | 12 (7.6) | 24 (15.6) | 0.03* |
| Contemplation | 10 (3.2) | 4 (2.5) | 6 (3.9) | |
| Preparation | 49 (15.7) | 31 (19.7) | 18 (11.7) | |
| Action | 17 (5.4) | 11 (7.0) | 6 (3.9) | |
| Maintenance | 200 (64.1) | 99 (63.1) | 100 (64.9) | |
| Stages of change (exercise) | ||||
| Precontemplation | 38 (12.2) | 14 (8.9) | 24 (15.6) | 0.03* |
| Contemplation | 34 (10.9) | 23 (14.6) | 11 (7.1) | |
| Preparation | 60 (19.2) | 35 (22.3) | 25 (16.2) | |
| Action | 13 (4.2) | 5 (3.2) | 7 (4.5) | |
| Maintenance | 162 (51.9) | 76 (48.4) | 86 (55.8) | |
| J-SDSCA | ||||
| Specific diet (range, 0–21) | 13.8±5.0 | 13.7±5.1 | 13.9±4.9 | 0.78 |
| Exercise (range, 0–14) | 6.3±4.9 | 6.4±4.9 | 6.3±5.0 | 0.78 |
| Foot care (range, 0–35) | 18.8±7.8 | 19.9±8.1 | 17.8±7.4 | 0.02 |
| Smoking | 42 (13.5) | 21 (13.4) | 21 (13.6) | 0.95 |
| Self-efficacy (range, 8–32)† | 24.6±4.3 | 24.6±4.2 | 24.6±4.4 | 1.00 |
| Diabetes-related emotional distress (range, 20–100)‡ | 35.2±13.4 | 37.4±14.8 | 33.0±11.5 | 0.01 |
Data are shown as mean±SD or n (%). Categorical data were analyzed using the χ2 test, while continuous data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney's U test. Some variables have missing data, which were excluded from calculation of mean and SD and these tests.
*Comparison of the three groups: precontemplation, contemplation/preparation/action, maintenance.
†Measured using the Self-Efficacy Scale for Diabetes self-care.
‡Measured using the Japanese version of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale.
HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; ICT, information and communication technology; J-SDSCA, Japanese-translated Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Measure.