Table 3

Adjusted mean (95% CI) of HOMA-IR, HbA1c, and FPG according to cotinine levels, and cotinine level-confirmed smoking status for participants ≥20 years old (N=6472) with adjustment for BMI

*High cotinine
1878 (29.0%)
*Medium cotinine
1759 (27.2%)
Low cotinine
2835 (43.8%)
†Current smoker
1794 (27.4%)
†Former smoker
1681 (25.0%)
†Secondhand smoker
1158 (17.8%)
Non-smoker
1839 (29.8%)
HOMA-IR (mg/iU)2.02 (1.94 to 2.10)2.17 (2.08 to 2.25)‡2.05 (1.97 to 2.13)2.00 (1.92 to 2.08)2.16 (2.05 to 2.26)‡2.15 (2.04 to 2.27)2.02 (1.92 to 2.11)
HbA1c (%)5.39 (5.37 to 5.42)‡5.35 (5.33 to 5.38)‡5.32 (5.30 to 5.33)5.39 (5.37 to 5.42)‡5.33 (5.30 to 5.36)5.37 (5.34 to 5.40)‡5.31 (5.29 to 5.33)
FPG (mg/dL)98.3 (97.5 to 99.0)98.5 (97.7 to 99.4)97.7 (97.0 to 98.4)98.1 (97.3 to 98.9)98.3 (97.4 to 99.3)99.0 (98.0 to 99.9)‡97.4 (96.7 to 98.1)
  • Data are presented as mean (95% CI). Adjusted for age, sex, races, BMI, C reactive protein, alcohol, physical activity, education, poverty level, and year of survey cycle.

  • Values in bold indicate changed statistical significance compared with table 2.

  • *Reference is low cotinine.

  • †Reference is non-smoker.

  • ‡Statistically significant at p<0.05.

  • BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance.