Cytokine production by lymphocytes stimulated with mitogens and plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers in metabolically healthy individuals with obesity and subjects with obesity and type 2 diabetes*
| Cytokines | Stage 0(n=10) | Stage 2(n=9) |
| PHA (T cell mitogen) | ||
| IL-2 (pg/ml) | 4141±2079 | 1572±1009† |
| IL-6 (pg/ml)‡ | 2994±2260 | 979±358† |
| IL-10 (pg/ml) | 561±265 | 600±137 |
| TNF-α (pg/ml) | 2144±736 | 1353±660† |
| IFN-γ (pg/ml) | 6144±6094 | 5781±3493 |
| LPS (B and antigen-presenting cell stimulant) | ||
| IL-1β (pg/ml)§ | 317±155 | 371±183 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | 11 463±4132 | 8419 ± 2241¶ |
| IL-10 (pg/ml) | 624±374 | 415±245 |
| TNF-α (pg/ml)‡ | 2380±3788 | 1052±483 |
| IFN-γ (pg/ml)‡ | 184±203 | 352±316 |
| IgG (ng/ml)‡,** | 807±290 | 874±248 |
| Plasma | ||
| CRP (mg/l) | 3.6±3.1 | 5.2±3.6 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml)‡ | 11±18 | 4±2 |
| IgG (mg/ml)‡ | 7771±11540 | 6514±1397 |
*Values are presented as mean±SD.
†indicates mean within a row that is significantly different from the stage 0 obesity group using one-way ANOVA (p<0.05).
‡Analysis was performed on log-transformed values.
§Significant effect of sex in the stage 2 obesity group (p<0.10).
¶Indicates a trend at p=0.080.
**Significant correlation with age (n=19, p<0.05) and one-way ANOVA analysis adjusted for age as a confounding factor.
ANOVA, analysis of variance; CRP, C reactive protein; IFN-γ, interferon γ; IL, interleukin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; PHA, phytohaemagglutinin; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor α.