PIO exposed n=56 337 n (%) | Non-PIO exposed n=56 337 n (%) | |
Age at CED (years) | ||
40–49 | 6728 (11.94) | 5608 (9.95) |
50–59 | 14 881 (26.41) | 12 618 (22.40) |
60–69 | 18 366 (32.60) | 17 262 (30.64) |
≥70 | 16 362 (29.04) | 20 849 (37.01) |
Range (min, max) | (40, 102) | (40, 106) |
Mean (±SD) | 63.24 (10.86) | 65.38 (11.56) |
Median (Q1, Q3) | 63.00 (55.03, 71.00) | 65.00 (57.00, 74.00) |
Gender | ||
Male | 31 732 (56.33) | 30 561 (54.25) |
Female | 24 605 (43.67) | 25 776 (45.75) |
Duration of treated diabetes at CED (years) | ||
<1 | 7805 (13.85) | 7883 (13.99) |
1–<2 | 6943 (12.32) | 6679 (11.86) |
2–<4 | 11 865 (21.06) | 11 578 (20.55) |
4–<6 | 10 936 (19.41) | 11 411 (20.25) |
≥6 | 18 788 (33.35) | 18 786 (33.35) |
Range (min, max) | (0.00, 34.18) | (0.00, 24.79) |
Mean (±SD) | 4.72 (3.65) | 4.78 (3.70) |
Median (Q1, Q3) | 4.12 (1.76, 6.97) | 4.19 (1.82, 6.97) |
Use of other TZD medications prior to CED | ||
Never | 41 847 (74.28) | 41 847 (74.28) |
Ever | 14 490 (25.72) | 14 490 (25.72) |
Antidiabetic treatment immediately prior to CED* | ||
Metformin only | 16 526 (29.33) | 16 526 (29.33) |
Sulphonylureas (SU) only | 6110 (10.85) | 6110 (10.85) |
Metformin and SU | 14 277 (25.34) | 14 277 (25.34) |
Insulin (only or in combination) | 2705 (4.80) | 2705 (4.80) |
Other drugs or combinations | 10 062 (17.86) | 10 062 (17.86) |
No treatment | 6657 (11.82) | 6657 (11.82) |
Number of different antidiabetic drug classes being used at CED† | ||
1 | 6905 (12.26) | 9961 (17.68) |
2 | 29 216 (51.86) | 29 767 (52.84) |
3 | 18 446 (32.74) | 15 917 (28.25) |
>3 | 1770 (3.14) | 692 (1.23) |
Antidiabetic treatment at CED† | ||
Metformin only | 19 622 (34.83) | 3496 (6.21) |
SU only | 7442 (13.21) | 2418 (4.29) |
Metformin and SU | 13 659 (24.25) | 12 062 (21.41) |
Insulin (only or in comb.) | 2595 (4.61) | 20 840 (36.99) |
Other drugs or comb. | 6114 (10.85) | 17 521 (31.10) |
No treatment | 6905 (12.26) | 0 (0.00) |
Diabetic complications at CED | ||
Diabetic retinopathy or maculopathy | 5747 (10.20) | 5953 (10.57) |
Lower limb severe complications | 1308 (2.32) | 1530 (2.72) |
Diabetic renal complications | 4771 (8.47) | 4870 (8.64) |
Ketoacidosis | 112 (0.20) | 145 (0.26) |
Hyperosmolar/ ketoacidotic coma | 822 (1.46) | 1280 (2.27) |
Other comorbidities at CED | ||
Myocardial infarction or stroke | 4676 (8.30) | 6112 (10.85) |
Congestive heart failure | 1674 (2.97) | 3077 (5.46) |
Year at CED | ||
2000–2003 | 3960 (7.03) | 6485 (11.51) |
2004–2007 | 21 151 (37.54) | 20 513 (36.41) |
2008–2011 | 31 226 (55.43) | 29 339 (52.08) |
*Treatments initiated at CED are not included.
†Treatments initiated at CED are included. For the pioglitazone-exposed group, the listed treatments are in addition to pioglitazone.
CED, cohort entry date; PIO, pioglitazone; TZD, thiazolidinedione.