Demographic characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus within the USA in Medicare (2009–2012) and the HealthCore Integrated Research Database (2009–2013)
| Medicare | HealthCore Integrated Reseach Database | |||||
| Characteristic* | Saxagliptin (n=92 577) | Other OAD (n=7 40 328) | Standardized difference§ | Saxagliptin (n=10 521) | Other OAD (n=1 00 343) | Standardized difference§ |
| Mean (SD) age, years† | 70.46 (10.96) | 69.86 (10.99) | 0.0546 | 52.84 (8.39) | 52.67 (8.48) | 0.0196 |
| Male sex† | 39 916 (43.1%) | 322 205 (43.5%) | 0.0082 | 6303 (59.9%) | 59 665 (59.5%) | 0.0091 |
| US census region† | ||||||
| East North Central | 11 453 (12.4%) | 96 833 (13.1%) | 0.0213 | 2245 (21.3%) | 21 668 (21.6%) | 0.0062 |
| East South Central | 8921 (9.6%) | 71 154 (9.6%) | 0.0009 | 1088 (10.3%) | 10 425 (10.4%) | 0.0016 |
| Middle Atlantic | 15 272 (16.5%) | 114 684 (15.5%) | 0.0274 | 897 (8.5%) | 8396 (8.4%) | 0.0057 |
| Mountain | 2952 (3.2%) | 25 016 (3.4%) | 0.0107 | 305 (2.9%) | 2944 (2.9%) | 0.0021 |
| New England | 2929 (3.2%) | 22 293 (3.0%) | 0.0088 | 600 (5.7%) | 5863 (5.8%) | 0.0060 |
| Pacific | 12 134 (13.1%) | 97 652 (13.2%) | 0.0025 | 1463 (13.9%) | 14 209 (14.2%) | 0.0073 |
| South Atlantic | 22 116 (23.9%) | 177 647 (24.0%) | 0.0025 | 3135 (29.8%) | 29 474 (29.4%) | 0.0093 |
| West North Central | 4896 (5.3%) | 37 258 (5.0%) | 0.0116 | 548 (5.2%) | 5339 (5.3%) | 0.0050 |
| West South Central | 11 900 (12.9%) | 97 790 (13.2%) | 0.0105 | 240 (2.3%) | 2025 (2.0%) | 0.0181 |
| Other OAD initiated at index date | ||||||
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 0 (0%) | 4334 (0.6%) | – | 0 (0%) | 343 (0.3%) | – |
| Acarbose | 0 (0%) | 4050 (0.5%) | – | 0 (0%) | 313 (0.3%) | – |
| Miglitol | 0 (0%) | 284 (0.0%) | – | 0 (0%) | 30 (0.0%) | – |
| Biguanide: metformin | 0 (0%) | 388 385 (52.5%) | – | 0 (0%) | 70 944 (70.7%) | – |
| Meglitinides | 0 (0%) | 17 007 (2.3%) | – | 0 (0%) | 802 (0.8%) | – |
| Nateglinide | 0 (0%) | 7652 (1.0%) | – | 0 (0%) | 374 (0.4%) | – |
| Repaglinide | 0 (0%) | 9355 (1.3%) | – | 0 (0%) | 428 (0.4%) | – |
| Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2: canagliflozin | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | 313 (0.3%) | – |
| Sulfonylureas | 0 (0%) | 258 866 (35.0%) | – | 0 (0%) | 21 196 (21.1%) | – |
| Chlorpropamide | 0 (0%) | 141 (0.0%) | – | 0 (0%) | 6 (0.0%) | – |
| Glimepiride | 0 (0%) | 85 584 (11.6%) | – | 0 (0%) | 7860 (7.8%) | – |
| Glipizide | 0 (0%) | 110 556 (14.9%) | – | 0 (0%) | 8098 (8.1%) | – |
| Glyburide (glibenclamide in UK data sources) | 0 (0%) | 61 794 (8.3%) | – | 0 (0%) | 5182 (5.2%) | – |
| Tolazamide | 0 (0%) | 725 (0.1%) | – | 0 (0%) | 48 (0.0%) | – |
| Tolbutamide | 0 (0%) | 66 (0.0%) | – | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.0%) | – |
| Thiazolidinediones | 0 (0%) | 71 254 (9.6%) | – | 0 (0%) | 6620 (6.6%) | – |
| Pioglitazone | 0 (0%) | 67 603 (9.1%) | – | 0 (0%) | 6295 (6.3%) | – |
| Rosiglitazone | 0 (0%) | 3651 (0.5%) | – | 0 (0%) | 325 (0.3%) | – |
| On glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| On insulin | 14 716 (15.9%) | 115 148 (15.6%) | 0.0094 | 1073 (10.2%) | 8469 (8.4%) | 0.0605 |
| Mean (SD) number of hemoglobin A1c measures | 1.303 (0.88) | 0.910 (0.86) | 0.4572 | 1.148 (0.79) | 0.771 (0.74) | 0.5066 |
| Severity of type 2 diabetes mellitus (prior 180 days) | ||||||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 9607 (10.4%) | 77 376 (10.5%) | 0.0024 | 242 (2.3%) | 2288 (2.3%) | 0.0013 |
| Coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation | 36 836 (39.8%) | 279 939 (37.8%) | 0.0406 | 1203 (11.4%) | 10 791 (10.8%) | 0.0217 |
| Metabolic (ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar coma) | 1199 (1.3%) | 9220 (1.2%) | 0.0044 | 80 (0.8%) | 724 (0.7%) | 0.0045 |
| Nephropathy | 18 387 (19.9%) | 118 385 (16.0%) | 0.1010 | 544 (5.2%) | 3549 (3.5%) | 0.0801 |
| Neuropathy | 20 973 (22.7%) | 138 634 (18.7%) | 0.0971 | 884 (8.4%) | 6599 (6.6%) | 0.0694 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 16 822 (18.2%) | 122 379 (16.5%) | 0.0433 | 410 (3.9%) | 3266 (3.3%) | 0.0346 |
| Retinopathy | 12 102 (13.1%) | 77 603 (10.5%) | 0.0804 | 539 (5.1%) | 3665 (3.7%) | 0.0718 |
| Unspecified additional diabetic complications | 7123 (7.7%) | 51 544 (7.0%) | 0.0281 | 407 (3.9%) | 2714 (2.7%) | 0.0653 |
| Medical comorbidities | ||||||
| Allergic rhinitis/hay fever | 6430 (6.9%) | 41 153 (5.6%) | 0.0573 | 542 (5.2%) | 4623 (4.6%) | 0.0253 |
| Asthma | 7001 (7.6%) | 57 683 (7.8%) | 0.0086 | 407 (3.9%) | 4300 (4.3%) | 0.0211 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/bronchitis | 11 171 (12.1%) | 97 901 (13.2%) | 0.0348 | 286 (2.7%) | 2949 (2.9%) | 0.0133 |
| Dermatological disorders | ||||||
| Eczema | 3240 (3.5%) | 22 611 (3.1%) | 0.0250 | 225 (2.1%) | 1916 (1.9%) | 0.0163 |
| Psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis | 877 (0.9%) | 6808 (0.9%) | 0.0029 | 96 (0.9%) | 887 (0.9%) | 0.0030 |
| Gastrointestinal disease | ||||||
| Cirrhosis | 686 (0.7%) | 6014 (0.8%) | 0.0081 | 32 (0.3%) | 360 (0.4%) | 0.0095 |
| Gallbladder disease | 1953 (2.1%) | 16 763 (2.3%) | 0.0106 | 111 (1.1%) | 1137 (1.1%) | 0.0075 |
| Hemochromatosis | 200 (0.2%) | 1422 (0.2%) | 0.0053 | 17 (0.2%) | 164 (0.2%) | 0.0005 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 71 221 (76.9%) | 492 578 (66.5%) | 0.2324 | 6550 (62.3%) | 48 349 (48.2%) | 0.2859 |
| Hypertension | 78 403 (84.7%) | 577 668 (78.0%) | 0.1717 | 6397 (60.8%) | 50 751 (50.6%) | 0.2069 |
| Infections | ||||||
| Hepatitis B virus infection | 258 (0.3%) | 1646 (0.2%) | 0.0113 | 20 (0.2%) | 134 (0.1%) | 0.0141 |
| Hepatitis C virus infection | 725 (0.8%) | 6826 (0.9%) | 0.0151 | 56 (0.5%) | 482 (0.5%) | 0.0073 |
| HIV | 220 (0.2%) | 2722 (0.4%) | 0.0237 | 8 (0.1%) | 172 (0.2%) | 0.0271 |
| Malignancy | ||||||
| Hematological | 1157 (1.2%) | 10 146 (1.4%) | 0.0106 | 63 (0.6%) | 574 (0.6%) | 0.0035 |
| Solid organ | 7837 (8.5%) | 63 813 (8.6%) | 0.0055 | 339 (3.2%) | 3174 (3.2%) | 0.0034 |
| Obesity | 10 711 (11.6%) | 84 346 (11.4%) | 0.0055 | 1006 (9.6%) | 9899 (9.9%) | 0.0102 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 2538 (2.7%) | 18 429 (2.5%) | 0.0158 | 90 (0.9%) | 843 (0.8%) | 0.0017 |
| Medications | ||||||
| Acetaminophen/ paracetamol | 24 456 (26.4%) | 1 94 424 (26.3%) | 0.0035 | 2091 (19.9%) | 19 897 (19.8%) | 0.0011 |
| Antiasthmatic agents | 12 734 (13.8%) | 92 459 (12.5%) | 0.0375 | 836 (7.9%) | 7720 (7.7%) | 0.0094 |
| Antibacterials | 35 628 (38.5%) | 257 225 (34.7%) | 0.0777 | 3286 (31.2%) | 29 277 (29.2%) | 0.0448 |
| Anticonvulsants | 4707 (5.1%) | 41 871 (5.7%) | 0.0253 | 768 (7.3%) | 7682 (7.7%) | 0.0135 |
| Antifungals | 9132 (9.9%) | 60 580 (8.2%) | 0.0587 | 735 (7.0%) | 5858 (5.8%) | 0.0469 |
| Antihistamines | 9142 (9.9%) | 61 223 (8.3%) | 0.0559 | 645 (6.1%) | 5406 (5.4%) | 0.0319 |
| Antihyperlipidemic agents | 59 126 (63.9%) | 375 758 (50.8%) | 0.2674 | 5233 (49.7%) | 35 934 (35.8%) | 0.2843 |
| Antihypertensive agents | ||||||
| ACE inhibitors | 38 296 (41.4%) | 278 503 (37.6%) | 0.0767 | 3736 (35.5%) | 27 518 (27.4%) | 0.1748 |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 25 262 (27.3%) | 133 659 (18.1%) | 0.2219 | 2034 (19.3%) | 13 433 (13.4%) | 0.1613 |
| Beta blockers | 38 938 (42.1%) | 268 421 (36.3%) | 0.1191 | 2219 (21.1%) | 18 338 (18.3%) | 0.0709 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 28 176 (30.4%) | 194 430 (26.3%) | 0.0927 | 1670 (15.9%) | 13 557 (13.5%) | 0.0668 |
| Loop diuretics | 19 448 (21.0%) | 131 150 (17.7%) | 0.0834 | 524 (5.0%) | 4726 (4.7%) | 0.0126 |
| Other antihypertensive agents | 10 023 (10.8%) | 65 686 (8.9%) | 0.0656 | 474 (4.5%) | 3840 (3.8%) | 0.0340 |
| Thiazide diuretics | 18 813 (20.3%) | 113 540 (15.3%) | 0.1305 | 1846 (17.5%) | 14 470 (14.4%) | 0.0854 |
| Antivirals | 2005 (2.2%) | 15 077 (2.0%) | 0.0090 | 197 (1.9%) | 2468 (2.5%) | 0.0403 |
| Non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory | 15 506 (16.7%) | 109 437 (14.8%) | 0.0540 | 1488 (14.1%) | 13 098 (13.1%) | 0.0318 |
| Other antiplatelet/ anticoagulant agents | ||||||
| Aspirin | 644 (0.7%) | 4504 (0.6%) | 0.0108 | 16 (0.2%) | 142 (0.1%) | 0.0028 |
| Clopidogrel | 11 150 (12.0%) | 69 439 (9.4%) | 0.0862 | 363 (3.5%) | 3035 (3.0%) | 0.0240 |
| Low-molecular-weight heparin | 372 (0.4%) | 3889 (0.5%) | 0.0182 | 32 (0.3%) | 288 (0.3%) | 0.0032 |
| Warfarin | 6459 (7.0%) | 51 316 (6.9%) | 0.0018 | 203 (1.9%) | 1652 (1.6%) | 0.0214 |
| Other medications | ||||||
| Allopurinol | 4924 (5.3%) | 31 821 (4.3%) | 0.0477 | 270 (2.6%) | 2408 (2.4%) | 0.0107 |
| Antiarrhythmics | 11 895 (12.8%) | 88 324 (11.9%) | 0.0279 | 489 (4.6%) | 4407 (4.4%) | 0.0123 |
| Immune modulators/ immunosuppressants | 3986 (4.3%) | 29 604 (4.0%) | 0.0154 | 223 (2.1%) | 2400 (2.4%) | 0.0183 |
| Nitroglycerin | 3995 (4.3%) | 27 908 (3.8%) | 0.0277 | 137 (1.3%) | 1241 (1.2%) | 0.0058 |
| Urinary antispasmodics | 4692 (5.1%) | 32 809 (4.4%) | 0.0299 | 112 (1.1%) | 1185 (1.2%) | 0.0110 |
| Psychotropic agents | ||||||
| Antidepressants | 24 264 (26.2%) | 186 970 (25.3%) | 0.0218 | 1992 (18.9%) | 18 828 (18.8%) | 0.0043 |
| Antipsychotics | 6305 (6.8%) | 54 109 (7.3%) | 0.0195 | 222 (2.1%) | 2197 (2.2%) | 0.0055 |
| Prior OAD therapy‡ | 68 160 (73.6%) | 273 289 (36.9%) | 0.7944 | 6957 (66.1%) | 21 797 (21.7%) | 1.0004 |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 715 (0.8%) | 1988 (0.3%) | 0.0701 | 38 (0.4%) | 118 (0.1%) | 0.0499 |
| Acarbose | 636 (0.7%) | 1730 (0.2%) | 0.0668 | 35 (0.3%) | 108 (0.1%) | 0.0479 |
| Miglitol | 84 (0.1%) | 260 (0.0%) | 0.0222 | 4 (0.0%) | 10 (0.0%) | 0.0181 |
| Biguanide: metformin | 46 101 (49.8%) | 1 40 212 (39.8%) | 0.2013 | 5500 (52.3%) | 12 578 (42.8%) | 0.1909 |
| Meglitinides | 2430 (2.6%) | 7708 (1.0%) | 0.1183 | 140 (1.3%) | 375 (0.4%) | 0.1042 |
| Nateglinide | 1235 (1.3%) | 3467 (0.5%) | 0.0911 | 75 (0.7%) | 182 (0.2%) | 0.0796 |
| Repaglinide | 1231 (1.3%) | 4286 (0.6%) | 0.0764 | 67 (0.6%) | 193 (0.2%) | 0.0691 |
| Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2: canagliflozin | – | – | – | 5 (0.0%) | 10 (0.0%) | 0.0221 |
| Sulfonylureas | 36 848 (39.8%) | 127 737 (17.3%) | 0.5157 | 2874 (27.3%) | 8168 (8.1%) | 0.5187 |
| Chlorpropamide | 21 (0.0%) | 221 (0.0%) | 0.0044 | 1 (0.0%) | 3 (0.0%) | 0.0082 |
| Glimepiride | 14 315 (15.5%) | 35 805 (5.5%) | 0.3309 | 1262 (12.0%) | 2759 (3.0%) | 0.3475 |
| Glipizide | 15 451 (16.7%) | 56 241 (8.9%) | 0.2338 | 1139 (10.8%) | 3591 (3.9%) | 0.2679 |
| Glyburide | 8116 (8.8%) | 36 892 (5.4%) | 0.1299 | 526 (5.0%) | 1863 (2.0%) | 0.1666 |
| Tolazamide | 3 (0.0%) | 72 (0.0%) | 0.0081 | 0 (0%) | 10 (0.0%) | – |
| Tolbutamide | 12 (0.0%) | 54 (0.0%) | 0.0056 | 1 (0.0%) | 1 (0.0%) | 0.0117 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 18 258 (19.7%) | 54 840 (7.4%) | 0.3656 | 1376 (13.1%) | 4832 (4.8%) | 0.2926 |
| Pioglitazone | 16 698 (18.0%) | 45 435 (6.8%) | 0.3475 | 1260 (12.0%) | 4071 (4.3%) | 0.2822 |
| Rosiglitazone | 1762 (1.9%) | 9661 (1.3%) | 0.0471 | 123 (1.2%) | 785 (0.8%) | 0.0391 |
*Characteristics are presented as percentages unless otherwise indicated.
† Matching criteria for which a random sample (without replacement) of up to 10 new initiators of non-DPP-4 inhibitor OADs were selected for each saxagliptin initiator.
‡ Defined as use of an OAD within the 180 days prior to the initiation of the index drug. Denominator adjusted to exclude the index drug.
§ Standardized difference was calculated as the difference in mean (or proportion for binary variables) divided by the SD (pooled SD for continuous variables).
DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; OAD, oral antidiabetic drug.