Demographic characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus within the UK in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (2009–2014) and The Health Improvement Network (2009–2014)
| Clinical Practice Research Datalink | The Health Improvement Network | |||||
| Characteristic* | Saxagliptin (n=4181) | Other OAD (n=40 480) | Standardized difference§ | Saxagliptin (n=873) | Other OAD (n=5564) | Standardized difference§ |
| Mean (SD) age, years† | 54.65 (11.17) | 53.77 (11.88) | 0.0742 | 65.28 (13.11) | 64.87 (13.10) | 0.0313 |
| Male sex† | 2386 (57.1%) | 22 852 (56.5%) | 0.0124 | 517 (59.2%) | 3234 (58.1%) | 0.0223 |
| UK country† | ||||||
| England | 2775 (66.4%) | 27 347 (67.6%) | 0.0252 | 496 (56.8%) | 3507 (63.0%) | 0.1271 |
| Northern Ireland | 190 (4.5%) | 1843 (4.6%) | 0.0004 | 46 (5.3%) | 246 (4.4%) | 0.0395 |
| Scotland | 429 (10.3%) | 4235 (10.5%) | 0.0066 | 165 (18.9%) | 1184 (21.3%) | 0.0594 |
| Wales | 787 (18.8%) | 7055 (17.4%) | 0.0362 | 166 (19.0%) | 627 (11.3%) | 0.2174 |
| Other OAD initiated at index date | ||||||
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: acarbose | 0 (0%) | 75 (0.2%) | – | 0 (0%) | 15 (0.3%) | – |
| Biguanide: metformin | 0 (0%) | 27 151 (67.1%) | – | 0 (0%) | 3155 (56.7%) | – |
| Meglitinides | 0 (0%) | 122 (0.3%) | – | 0 (0%) | 16 (0.3%) | – |
| Nateglinide | 0 (0%) | 27 (0.1%) | – | – | – | – |
| Repaglinide | 0 (0%) | 95 (0.2%) | – | 0 (0%) | 16 (0.3%) | – |
| Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2: dapagliflozin | 0 (0%) | 50 (0.1%) | – | 0 (0%) | 29 (0.5%) | – |
| Sulfonylureas | 0 (0%) | 10 869 (26.9%) | – | 0 (0%) | 1907 (34.3%) | – |
| Glibenclamide (glyburide in US data sources) | 0 (0%) | 56 (0.1%) | – | 0 (0%) | 6 (0.1%) | – |
| Gliclazide | 0 (0%) | 9823 (24.3%) | – | 0 (0%) | 1696 (30.5%) | – |
| Glimepiride | 0 (0%) | 718 (1.8%) | – | 0 (0%) | 145 (2.6%) | – |
| Glipizide | 0 (0%) | 218 (0.5%) | – | 0 (0%) | 48 (0.9%) | – |
| Tolbutamide | 0 (0%) | 54 (0.1%) | – | 0 (0%) | 12 (0.2%) | – |
| Thiazolidinediones | 0 (0%) | 2213 (5.5%) | – | 0 (0%) | 442 (7.9%) | – |
| Pioglitazone | 0 (0%) | 2180 (5.4%) | – | 0 (0%) | 437 (7.9%) | – |
| Rosiglitazone | 0 (0%) | 33 (0.1%) | – | 0 (0%) | 5 (0.1%) | – |
| On glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist | 102 (2.4%) | 821 (2.0%) | 0.0278 | 16 (1.8%) | 110 (2.0%) | 0.0106 |
| On insulin | 304 (7.3%) | 2813 (6.9%) | 0.0125 | 67 (7.7%) | 365 (6.6%) | 0.0434 |
| Hemoglobin A1c measurements | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 8.801 (1.59) | 8.646 (1.87) | 0.0844 | 8.907 (1.62) | 8.605 (1.81) | 0.1689 |
| Hemoglobin A1c>8% | 2518 (60.2%) | 16 166 (39.9%) | 0.4144 | 513 (58.8%) | 2324 (41.8%) | 0.3449 |
| Mean body mass index (SD) | 32.23 (6.48) | 31.59 (6.73) | 0.0947 | 32.57 (6.47) | 31.63 (6.42) | 0.1468 |
| Missing values | 29 (0.7%) | 1361 (3.4%) | 0.1902 | 6 (0.7%) | 104 (1.9%) | 0.1054 |
| Underweight (15–18.5 kg/m2) | 17 (0.4%) | 246 (0.6%) | 0.0283 | 1 (0.1%) | 27 (0.5%) | 0.0678 |
| Normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 343 (8.2%) | 4449 (11.0%) | 0.0947 | 75 (8.6%) | 633 (11.4%) | 0.0930 |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2) | 1171 (28.0%) | 11 811 (29.2%) | 0.0259 | 250 (28.6%) | 1761 (31.6%) | 0.0657 |
| Obese (30–60 kg/m2) | 2621 (62.7%) | 22 613 (55.9%) | 0.1393 | 541 (62.0%) | 3039 (54.6%) | 0.1495 |
| Smoking | 2673 (63.9%) | 24 390 (60.3%) | 0.0759 | 529 (60.6%) | 3450 (62.0%) | 0.0290 |
| Severity of type 2 diabetes mellitus (prior 180 days) | ||||||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 27 (0.6%) | 262 (0.6%) | 0.0002 | 7 (0.8%) | 39 (0.7%) | 0.0117 |
| Coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation | 82 (2.0%) | 561 (1.4%) | 0.0449 | 12 (1.4%) | 80 (1.4%) | 0.0054 |
| Diabetic coma | 2 (0.0%) | 33 (0.1%) | 0.0133 | 0 (0%) | 5 (0.1%) | – |
| Nephropathy | 16 (0.4%) | 72 (0.2%) | 0.0387 | 6 (0.7%) | 14 (0.3%) | 0.0638 |
| Neuropathy | 39 (0.9%) | 249 (0.6%) | 0.0363 | 3 (0.3%) | 37 (0.7%) | 0.0454 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 45 (1.1%) | 373 (0.9%) | 0.0156 | 7 (0.8%) | 46 (0.8%) | 0.0028 |
| Retinopathy | 247 (5.9%) | 1331 (3.3%) | 0.1253 | 40 (4.6%) | 209 (3.8%) | 0.0413 |
| Unspecified additional diabetic complications | 0 (0%) | 6 (0.0%) | – | 0 (0%) | 3 (0.1%) | – |
| Medical comorbidities | ||||||
| Allergic rhinitis/hay fever | 398 (9.5%) | 4343 (10.7%) | 0.0401 | 59 (6.8%) | 518 (9.3%) | 0.0940 |
| Asthma | 711 (17.0%) | 6652 (16.4%) | 0.0153 | 137 (15.7%) | 875 (15.7%) | 0.0009 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/bronchitis | 562 (13.4%) | 3999 (9.9%) | 0.1112 | 84 (9.6%) | 557 (10.0%) | 0.0131 |
| Dermatological disorder | ||||||
| Eczema | 733 (17.5%) | 6149 (15.2%) | 0.0633 | 108 (12.4%) | 743 (13.4%) | 0.0294 |
| Psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis | 268 (6.4%) | 2092 (5.2%) | 0.0532 | 40 (4.6%) | 283 (5.1%) | 0.0235 |
| Gastrointestinal disease | ||||||
| Cirrhosis | 16 (0.4%) | 138 (0.3%) | 0.0070 | 4 (0.5%) | 18 (0.3%) | 0.0216 |
| Gallbladder disease | 255 (6.1%) | 2294 (5.7%) | 0.0184 | 61 (7.0%) | 325 (5.8%) | 0.0468 |
| Hemochromatosis | 3 (0.1%) | 64 (0.2%) | 0.0255 | 1 (0.1%) | 19 (0.3%) | 0.0476 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 636 (15.2%) | 4516 (11.2%) | 0.1201 | 119 (13.6%) | 634 (11.4%) | 0.0676 |
| Hypertension | 2501 (59.8%) | 19 916 (49.2%) | 0.2145 | 562 (64.4%) | 3194 (57.4%) | 0.1432 |
| Infectious disease | ||||||
| Hepatitis B virus infection | 9 (0.2%) | 65 (0.2%) | 0.0126 | 1 (0.1%) | 8 (0.1%) | 0.0081 |
| Hepatitis C virus infection | 2 (0.0%) | 49 (0.1%) | 0.0252 | 0 (0%) | 5 (0.1%) | – |
| Malignancy | ||||||
| Hematological | 36 (0.9%) | 380 (0.9%) | 0.0082 | 8 (0.9%) | 54 (1.0%) | 0.0056 |
| Solid organ | 1020 (24.4%) | 9449 (23.3%) | 0.0247 | 188 (21.5%) | 1316 (23.7%) | 0.0506 |
| Obesity | 692 (16.6%) | 5951 (14.7%) | 0.0510 | 130 (14.9%) | 726 (13.0%) | 0.0532 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 110 (2.6%) | 881 (2.2%) | 0.0297 | 9 (1.0%) | 92 (1.7%) | 0.0541 |
| Medications | ||||||
| Acetaminophen/paracetamol | 1363 (32.6%) | 11 320 (28.0%) | 0.1010 | 275 (31.5%) | 1677 (30.1%) | 0.0295 |
| Antiasthmatic agents | 826 (19.8%) | 7326 (18.1%) | 0.0423 | 161 (18.4%) | 1017 (18.3%) | 0.0042 |
| Antibacterials | 1566 (37.5%) | 13 997 (34.6%) | 0.0600 | 279 (32.0%) | 1710 (30.7%) | 0.0264 |
| Anticonvulsants | 357 (8.5%) | 3287 (8.1%) | 0.0151 | 46 (5.3%) | 292 (5.2%) | 0.0009 |
| Antifungals | 111 (2.7%) | 1066 (2.6%) | 0.0013 | 27 (3.1%) | 210 (3.8%) | 0.0374 |
| Antihistamines | 306 (7.3%) | 2914 (7.2%) | 0.0046 | 72 (8.2%) | 410 (7.4%) | 0.0328 |
| Antihyperlipidemic agents | 3362 (80.4%) | 22 358 (55.2%) | 0.5597 | 718 (82.2%) | 3509 (63.1%) | 0.4406 |
| Antihypertensive agents | ||||||
| ACE inhibitors | 1921 (45.9%) | 13 740 (33.9%) | 0.2469 | 405 (46.4%) | 2151 (38.7%) | 0.1569 |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 859 (20.5%) | 5111 (12.6%) | 0.2141 | 194 (22.2%) | 829 (14.9%) | 0.1892 |
| Beta blockers | 1090 (26.1%) | 7928 (19.6%) | 0.1550 | 246 (28.2%) | 1393 (25.0%) | 0.0712 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 1234 (29.5%) | 9403 (23.2%) | 0.1430 | 267 (30.6%) | 1560 (28.0%) | 0.0560 |
| Loop diuretics | 656 (15.7%) | 4107 (10.1%) | 0.1659 | 163 (18.7%) | 654 (11.8%) | 0.1935 |
| Other antihypertensive agents | 440 (10.5%) | 2487 (6.1%) | 0.1590 | 90 (10.3%) | 393 (7.1%) | 0.1154 |
| Thiazide diuretics | 808 (19.3%) | 6110 (15.1%) | 0.1123 | 220 (25.2%) | 1180 (21.2%) | 0.0947 |
| Antivirals | 36 (0.9%) | 342 (0.8%) | 0.0018 | 11 (1.3%) | 40 (0.7%) | 0.0547 |
| Non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory | 474 (11.3%) | 5042 (12.5%) | 0.0346 | 106 (12.1%) | 693 (12.5%) | 0.0095 |
| Other antiplatelet/anticoagulant agents | ||||||
| Aspirin | 1590 (38.0%) | 10 625 (26.2%) | 0.2543 | 375 (43.0%) | 1827 (32.8%) | 0.2097 |
| Clopidogrel | 229 (5.5%) | 1421 (3.5%) | 0.0950 | 42 (4.8%) | 247 (4.4%) | 0.0177 |
| Low-molecular-weight heparin | 10 (0.2%) | 148 (0.4%) | 0.0230 | 4 (0.5%) | 22 (0.4%) | 0.0096 |
| Warfarin | 241 (5.8%) | 1979 (4.9%) | 0.0390 | 66 (7.6%) | 289 (5.2%) | 0.0969 |
| Other medications | ||||||
| Allopurinol | 183 (4.4%) | 1396 (3.4%) | 0.0479 | 54 (6.2%) | 204 (3.7%) | 0.1166 |
| Antiarrhythmics | 125 (3.0%) | 1021 (2.5%) | 0.0286 | 30 (3.4%) | 181 (3.3%) | 0.0102 |
| Immune modulators/ immunosuppressants | 56 (1.3%) | 488 (1.2%) | 0.0119 | 11 (1.3%) | 71 (1.3%) | 0.0014 |
| Nitroglycerin | 251 (6.0%) | 1788 (4.4%) | 0.0714 | 44 (5.0%) | 284 (5.1%) | 0.0029 |
| Urinary antispasmodics | 217 (5.2%) | 1357 (3.4%) | 0.0910 | 42 (4.8%) | 199 (3.6%) | 0.0616 |
| Psychotropic agents | ||||||
| Antidepressants | 912 (21.8%) | 8094 (20.0%) | 0.0447 | 179 (20.5%) | 1134 (20.4%) | 0.0030 |
| Antipsychotics | 186 (4.4%) | 1795 (4.4%) | 0.0007 | 47 (5.4%) | 269 (4.8%) | 0.0249 |
| Prior OAD therapy‡ | 3905 (93.4%) | 12 855 (31.8%) | 1.6523 | 814 (93.2%) | 2228 (40.0%) | 1.3665 |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: acarbose | 13 (0.3%) | 47 (0.1%) | 0.0422 | 3 (0.3%) | 10 (0.2%) | 0.0320 |
| Biguanide: metformin | 3384 (80.9%) | 9857 (74.0%) | 0.1677 | 681 (78.0%) | 1800 (74.7%) | 0.0774 |
| Meglitinides | 46 (1.1%) | 97 (0.2%) | 0.1056 | 7 (0.8%) | 11 (0.2%) | 0.0858 |
| Nateglinide | 7 (0.2%) | 16 (0.0%) | 0.0398 | – | – | – |
| Repaglinide | 40 (1.0%) | 81 (0.2%) | 0.0998 | 6 (0.7%) | 7 (0.1%) | 0.0882 |
| Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2: dapagliflozin | 1 (0.0%) | 1 (0.0%) | 0.0187 | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.0%) | – |
| Sulfonylureas | 1984 (47.5%) | 4042 (10.0%) | 0.9097 | 428 (49.0%) | 661 (11.9%) | 0.8822 |
| Glibenclamide | 14 (0.3%) | 154 (0.4%) | 0.0077 | 6 (0.7%) | 38 (0.7%) | 0.0004 |
| Gliclazide | 1689 (40.4%) | 3176 (10.4%) | 0.7354 | 362 (41.5%) | 499 (12.9%) | 0.6779 |
| Glimepiride | 212 (5.1%) | 464 (1.2%) | 0.2260 | 29 (3.3%) | 79 (1.5%) | 0.1223 |
| Glipizide | 52 (1.2%) | 214 (0.5%) | 0.0760 | 27 (3.1%) | 35 (0.6%) | 0.1825 |
| Tolbutamide | 27 (0.6%) | 51 (0.1%) | 0.0839 | 6 (0.7%) | 14 (0.3%) | 0.0637 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 614 (14.7%) | 1527 (3.8%) | 0.3839 | 145 (16.6%) | 254 (4.6%) | 0.3992 |
| Pioglitazone | 563 (13.5%) | 1107 (2.9%) | 0.3933 | 135 (15.5%) | 167 (3.3%) | 0.4286 |
| Rosiglitazone | 54 (1.3%) | 427 (1.1%) | 0.0219 | 12 (1.4%) | 88 (1.6%) | 0.0173 |
*Characteristics are presented as percentages unless otherwise indicated.
† Matching criteria for which a random sample (without replacement) of up to 10 new initiators of non-DPP-4 inhibitor OADs were selected for each saxagliptin initiator.
‡ Defined as use of an OAD within the 180 days prior to the initiation of the index drug. Denominator adjusted to exclude the index drug.
§ Standardized difference was calculated as the difference in mean (or proportion for binary variables) divided by the SD (pooled SD for continuous variables).
DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; OAD, oral antidiabetic drug.