Mixed-effects models for change in glycaemic control (HbA1c) during the first 6 months postdiagnosis adjusted for pH levels at diagnosis, in children with type 1 diabetes
| Covariates | Model 1: adjusted for sex, age at diagnosis, pH at diagnosis and ethnicity (Mean difference in HbA1c, mmol/mol, (95% CI)) | Model 2: additionally adjusted for SES and clinic attended (Mean difference in HbA1c, mmol/mol, (95% CI)) |
| Fixed effects | ||
| Constant/intercept | 202.1 (134.2, 270.9) | 203.7 (136.4, 271.1) |
| Duration | ||
| Linear | −20.6 (−22.5,–18.8) | −20.8 (−22.6,–18.9) |
| Quadratic | 2.5 (2.3, 2.8) | 2.6 (2.3, 2.8) |
| Sex | ||
| Male | Ref | Ref |
| Female | −0.5 (−3.5, 2.5) | −0.4 (−3.3, 2.6) |
| Age at diagnosis | 0.1 (−0.2, 0.5) | 0.1 (−0.3, 0.4) |
| pH at diagnosis | −15.2 (−24.7, −5.7) | −15.7 (−25.1, −6.3) |
| Ethnicity | ||
| White | Ref | Ref |
| Mixed ethnicity | 7.1 (1.7, 12.6) | 6.5 (1.1, 11.9) |
| Black | 4.2 (0.2, 8.8) | 4.6 (0.9, 9.1) |
| African-Somali | 4.7 (−0.9, 10.3) | 5.2 (−0.4, 10.9) |
| Bangladeshi | 10.1 (4.9, 15.3) | 10.6 (5.4, 15.7) |
| Asian-Other | 7.5 (3.4, 11.5) | 5.3 (1.8, 9.4) |
| Socioeconomic status | ||
| Quartile 1 (poorest) | ||
| Quartile 2 | 2.2 (−1.7, 6.1) | |
| Quartile 3 | 1.9 (−2.1, 5.9) | |
| Quartile 4 (richest) | 2.7 (−1.9, 7.3) | |
| Pediatric diabetes clinic | ||
| Clinic 1 | Ref | |
| Clinic 2 | 1.9 (−2.5, 6.3) | |
| Clinic 3 | 6.1 (2.4, 9.6) | |
| Goodness of fit | ||
| Aikake information criterion (AIC) | 6434.644 | 6430.969 |
| Bayesian information criterion (BIC) | 6504.184 | 6523.688 |