Table 2

Changes in weight and metabolic measures after 6 months’ intervention phase (mean±SE)

	tDNA (n=115)		UC (n=115)	p Value
	tDNA-MI (n=58)	tDNA-CC (n=57)	UC (n=115)	p Value
Weight (kg)
Baseline	82.8±2.6	75.9±1.8	78.1±1.3
6 months	75.9±2.5	70.6±2.0	77.3±1.4
Change	−6.9±1.3	−5.3±1.2	−0.8±0.5
p Value*	<0.001†	<0.001†	0.702	<0.001†‡
Body mass index (kg/m²)
Baseline	31.8±0.9	30.5±0.6	29.6±0.4
6 months	29.5±0.9	28.5±0.7	29.5±0.4
Change	−2.3±0.4	−2.0±0.4	−0.1±0.2
p Value*	<0.001†	<0.001†	1.000	<0.001†§
Waist circumference (cm)
Baseline	102.9±1.9	101.8±1.4	100.7±1.1
6 months	98.9±1.8	99.1±1.6	100.2±1.2
Change	−4.0±1.1	−2.7±1.0	−0.5±0.5
p Value*	0.002†	0.062	0.960	<0.001†‡
Body fat (%)
Baseline	37.3±0.9	39.1±0.7	34.9±0.6
6 months	36.0±0.9	37.7±0.8	35.4±0.6
Change	−1.3±0.4	−1.5±0.5	0.4±0.3
p Value*	0.002†	0.017†	0.742	<0.001†§
A1c (%)
Baseline	8.0±0.1	8.1±0.1	8.1±0.1
6 months	6.9±0.1	7.6±0.2	7.9±0.1
Change	−1.1±0.1	−0.5±0.1	−0.2±0.1
p Value*	<0.001†	0.001†	0.231	<0.001†§
A1c (mmol/mol)
Baseline	64±1	65±1	65±1
6 months	52±1	59±2.0	63±1
Change	−12±1	−6±1	−2±1
p Value*	<0.001†	0.001†	0.231	<0.001†§
FPG (mmol/L)
Baseline	7.4±0.3	8.3±0.4	8.2±0.2
6 months	6.3±0.2	7.7±0.4	8.2±0.3
Change	−1.1±0.3	−0.6±0.3	0.1±0.3
p Value*	0.011†	0.632	1.000	0.027†§
SBP (mm Hg)
Baseline	134±2	136±2	137±2
6 months	124±2	127±2	136±2
Change	−9±2	−9±2	−1±2
p Value*	<0.001†	0.001†	1.000	0.003†‡
DBP (mm Hg)
Baseline	77±1	79±1	80±1
6 months	74±1	73±2	79±1
Change	−3±1	−6±2	−1±1
p Value*	0.442	0.008†	0.980	0.013†§
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
Baseline	4.7±0.1	4.9±0.1	4.9±0.1
6 months	4.6±0.1	4.7±0.1	4.6±0.1
Change	−0.2±0.1	−0.2±0.1	−0.3±0.1
p Value*	0.599	0.493	0.001†	0.741‡
LDL-C (mmol/L)
Baseline	2.72±0.10	2.94±0.12	2.91±0.07
6 months	2.63±0.10	2.76±0.12	2.65±0.08
Change	−0.08±0.08	−0.18±0.09	−0.26±0.07
p Value*	0.980	0.386	0.005†	0.565§
HDL-C (mmol/L)
Baseline	1.31±0.04	1.23±0.04	1.22±0.02
6 months	1.32±0.04	1.28±0.05	1.22±0.04
Change	0.01±0.03	0.05±0.04	0.002±0.03
p Value*	1.000	0.888	1.000	0.484§
Triglyceride (mmol/L)
Baseline	1.56±0.09	1.76±0.16	1.77±0.09
6 months	1.35±0.07	1.51±0.10	1.64±0.08
Change	−0.21±0.08	−0.25±0.16	−0.14±0.09
p Value*	0.105	0.753	0.797	0.855§
hsCRP (mg/L)
Baseline	7.3±1.0	7.4±0.9	5.7±0.6
6 months	5.6±0.8	7.0±1.1	4.9±0.5
Change	−1.7±0.8	−0.4±0.7	−0.8±0.5
p Value*	0.078	0.933	0.300	0.092§

All data expressed as (mean±SE) for absolute change in measures.
*p Values measure changes within groups by generalized estimating equations for intention-to-treat analysis based on post-hoc Sidak test for multiple comparisons over time.
†Significant changes from baseline at p<0.05.
‡p Values measure absolute change in measures between groups by one-way analysis of variance for per-protocol analysis for tDNA-MI (n=51), tDNA-CC (n=40), and UC (n=101).
§p Values measure absolute change in measures between groups by Kruskal-Wallis for per-protocol analysis for tDNA-MI (n=51), tDNA-CC (n=40), and UC (n=101).
A1c, glycated hemoglobin; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C reactive protein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; tDNA-CC, trans-cultural diabetes nutrition algorithm-conventional counseling; tDNA-MI, transcultural diabetes nutrition algorithm-motivational interviewing; UC, usual care.