Overview of antihyperglycemic, antihypertensive, lipid-lowering and antithrombotic therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes in general practice in Norway in 2014 (ROSA 4) and 2005 (ROSA 3)
| Medication | 2014 (n=9464) Percentages | 2005 (n=5463) Percentages | Change from 2005 to 2014 with 95% CI‡ Percentage points | ||
| Observed, with 95% CI† | Adjusted‡ | Observed | Adjusted‡ | ||
| Antihyperglycemic therapy** | |||||
| Diet only | 31.7 (28.4 to 34.9) | 32.5 | 28.2 | 27.0 | +5.5 (1.0 to 10.1) |
| Antihyperglycemic agents except for insulin | 53.6 (50.8 to 56.5) | 52.2 | 49.6 | 52.3 | −0.1 (−4.2 to 4.1) |
| Insulin only | 5.4 (4.7 to 6.0) | 5.6 | 12.4 | 11.6 | −6.0 (−7.9 to −4.2) |
| Insulin combined with other antihyperglycemic agents | 9.3 (8.4 to 10.2) | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.1 | +0.6 (−0.7 to 2.0) |
| Groups of antihyperglycemic agents | |||||
| Metformin | 57.9 (54.7 to 61.1) | 57.2 | 46.3 | 47.6 | +9.6 (5.2 to 14.1)** |
| Sulfonylurea | 18.6 (17.0 to 20.3) | 18.5 | 30.7 | 31.0 | −12.4 (−15.7 to −9.1)** |
| Insulin | 14.7 (13.5 to 15.9) | 15.3 | 22.2 | 20.9 | −5.6 (−8.2 to −3.1)** |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 13.9 (12.0 to 15.7) | NA | |||
| GLP1 analogs | 2.6 (2.1 to 3.1) | NA | |||
| SGLT2 inhibitors | 3.4 (2.5 to 4.4) | NA | |||
| Numbers of antihyperglycemic agents, insulin included** | |||||
| 1 | 36.2 (34.1 to 38.2) | 36.0 | 43.8 | 44.4 | −8.4 (−11.7 to −5.0) |
| 2 | 22.7 (21.3 to 24.0) | 22.5 | 26.2 | 26.6 | −4.2 (−6.6 to −1.7) |
| ≥3 | 9.5 (8.5 to 10.5) | 9.0 | 1.8 | 2.1 | +6.9 (5.9 to 7.9) |
| Antihypertensive agents | |||||
| Antihypertensives | 65.9 (63.2 to 68.6) | 65.9 | 66.4 | 66.4 | −0.5 (−3.9 to 2.9) |
| ACE/AII inhibitors | 52.5 (50.1 to 54.8) | 52.8 | 47.4 | 46.8 | +6.0 (2.3 to 9.6)** |
| Beta blockers | 30.5 (28.6 to 32.3) | 30.7 | 31.2 | 30.9 | −0.3 (−3.0 to 2.5) |
| Calcium blockers | 25.9 (24.1 to 27.7) | 26.6 | 22.2 | 21.2 | +5.4 (2.9 to 7.9)** |
| Thiazides | 26.8 (25.1 to 28.6) | 27.4 | 22.0 | 21.2 | +6.2 (3.5 to 9.0)** |
| Number of antihypertensives** | |||||
| 1 | 19.2 (18.2 to 20.2) | 19.1 | 20.0 | 20.2 | −1.1 (−2.9 to 0.8) |
| 2 | 20.3 (19.3 to 21.3) | 20.2 | 19.5 | 19.6 | 0.6 (−1.2 to 2.4) |
| 3 | 16.4 (15.3 to 17.4) | 16.5 | 14.5 | 14.3 | +2.2 (0.6 to 3.8) |
| ≥4 | 10.0 (8.9 to 11.1) | 10.4 | 12.4 | 11.6 | −1.1 (−3.1 to 0.8) |
| Lipid-lowering medication | 54.5 (51.9 to 57.2) | 54.7 | 43.7 | 43.4 | +11.3 (7.1 to 15.5)** |
| With coronary heart disease | 77.9 (74.3 to 81.5) | 77.3 | 67.5 | 68.5 | +8.8 (3.4 to 14.2)** |
| Antithrombotic therapy | 36.9 (34.7 to 39.2) | 37.3 | 40.3 | 39.7 | −2.5 (−6.0 to 1.1) |
Medication was extracted from the GP’s electronic prescriptions. For antithrombotic therapy 0.6% (n=33) were missing in 2005, and for all other medication groups data were available in 100% of the cases.
*P≤0.01, **P≤0.001.
†Based on data as registered, 95% CIs adjusted for clustering within GP practices.
‡Adjusted for sex, age, counties and clustering within GP practices.
DPP-4, Dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP1, Glucagon-like peptide-1; NA, not available; ROSA 3, Rogaland-Oslo-Salten study; ROSA 4, Rogaland-Oslo-Salten-Akershus-Hordaland study; SGLT2, Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2.