Age-sex adjusted mean (SE) dietary intake of energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients by glycemic status, Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) 2008–2011
| Guidelines‡ | Diagnosed diabetes (n=1825) | Undiagnosed diabetes (n=1005) | Pre-diabetes (n=5261) | Normal glucose levels (n=4998) | |
| Total calories (kcal) | 1665 (21.5) | 1795 (32.0)* | 1816 (15.8)* | 1873 (21.5)* | |
| Percent of calories from | |||||
| Carbohydrates (%) | 45–65 | 51.4 (0.35) | 53.2 (0.37)* | 53.3 (0.24)* | 52.9 (0.28)* |
| Protein (%) | 10–35 | 18.3 (0.15) | 17.1 (0.19)* | 16.8 (0.10)* | 16.5 (0.13)* |
| Total fat (%) | 20–35 | 31.3 (0.27) | 30.2 (0.32) | 30.3 (0.20)* | 30.6 (0.24) |
| Saturated fat (%) | <10 | 10.1 (0.11) | 9.9 (0.16) | 9.9 (0.09) | 9.9 (0.11) |
| Polyunsaturated fat (%) | 6.8 (0.09) | 6.4 (0.12) | 6.5 (0.06)* | 6.8 (0.10) | |
| Monounsaturated fat (%) | 11.6 (0.14) | 11.2 (0.14) | 11.2 (0.09) | 11.3 (0.10) | |
| Fiber (g/1000 kcal) | 14 | 11.1 (0.18) | 10.7 (0.27) | 9.9 (0.15)* | 10.0 (0.17)* |
| Cholesterol (mg) | <300 | 251 (5.4) | 247 (6.8) | 250 (3.7) | 244 (4.1) |
| Sodium (mg) | 2300 | 2963 (56.5) | 3097 (68.1) | 3016 (38.3) | 3107 (45.1) |
| Alcohol (g) | 14–28 | 1.4 (0.22) | 3.0 (0.46)* | 3.1 (0.23)* | 4.4 (0.45)* |
| Dietary sources | |||||
| Vitamin D (μg) | 5–15 | 5.4 (0.16) | 4.9 (0.16) | 5.2 (0.14) | 5.1 (0.14) |
| Calcium (mg) | 1000–1200 | 775 (13.8) | 741 (15.5) | 767 (10.5) | 787 (14.1) |
| Magnesium (mg) | 310–420 | 279 (4.4) | 286 (5.6) | 281 (5.6) | 293 (4.6) |
| Potassium (mg) | 4700 | 2426 (34.2) | 2475 (47.0) | 2442 (21.2) | 2546 (38.6) |
| Supplemental sources:† | |||||
| Vitamin D (μg) | 18.3 (5.63) | 9.6 (0.55) | 11.2 (0.77) | 9.5 (0.66) | |
| Calcium (mg) | 392 (20.6) | 364 (21.9) | 361 (15.8) | 346 (19.4) | |
| Magnesium (mg) | 84.1 (5.54) | 76.5 (7.40) | 89.0 (4.83) | 89.5 (9.50) | |
| Potassium (mg) | 67.7 (4.21) | 63.5 (4.34) | 68.4 (5.87) | 61.5 (2.34) | |
Age and sex adjusted to adults with diagnosed diabetes in the HCHS/SOL (20.4% age 20–44 years, 52.5% age 45–64 years, 27.1% age 65–74 years).
*P<0.01 versus diagnosed diabetes.
†Among those taking the supplement of interest; vitamin D (n=3056), calcium (n=3411), magnesium (n=2569), and potassium (n=2024).
‡Guidelines are the healthy eating guidelines for most Americans by the Office of Disease Prevention and Promotion.7 23 Recommendations may change depending on health status, age, or activity level.