Logistic regressions showing association between sociodemographic, physical and behavioral characteristics and DM status, adults 50+years, Ghana and South Africa: WHO-SAGE wave 1, 2007–2008
| Ghana (n=4289) | South Africa (n=3.660) | |||||||
| Crude OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | Crude OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Female | 1.36 | 0.92 to 2.0 | 1.36 | 0.79 to 2.36 | 1.68** | 1.15 to 2.47 | 1.08 | 0.62 to 1.86 |
| Age, years | ||||||||
| 50–59 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 60–69 | 2.46** | 1.39 to 4.37 | 2.94** | 1.58 to 5.45 | 1.73* | 1.09 to 2.76 | 1.11 | 0.62 to 2.00 |
| 70+ | 1.36 | 0.76 to 2.43 | 1.84 | 0.94 to 3.62 | 2.19** | 1.34 to 3.56 | 2.02* | 1.07 to 3.81 |
| Residence | ||||||||
| Rural | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Urban | 3.17*** | 1.94 to 5.17 | 1.26 | 0.68 to 2.32 | 2.02** | 1.21 to 3.39 | 1.77* | 1.02 to 3.08 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Single | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Married/cohabiting | 1.17 | 0.79 to 1.75 | 1.83* | 1.06 to 3.16 | 0.76 | 0.52 to 1.12 | 0.75 | 0.47 to 1.21 |
| Educational status | ||||||||
| No formal schooling | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| <6 years schooling | 1.79 | 0.82 to 3.93 | 1.95 | 0.84 to 4.51 | 1.47 | 0.73 to 2.96 | 1.79 | 0.81 to 3.96 |
| Completed primary | 1.57 | 0.83 to 2.97 | 1.41 | 0.69 to 2.85 | 1.98* | 1.08 to 3.6 | 1.82 | 0.95 to 3.51 |
| Completed secondary | 3.7** | 1.71 to 7.98 | 2.48 | 0.90 to 6.76 | 2.35* | 1.1 to 5.0 | 2.22* | 1.08 to 4.54 |
| Completed high school | 2.57** | 1.42 to 4.63 | 2.41* | 1.17 to 4.98 | 1.28 | 0.49 to 3.36 | 1.42 | 0.45 to 4.50 |
| Completed college/university | 7.27*** | 3.5 to 15.0 | 4.31** | 1.67 to 11.13 | 1.17 | 0.49 to 2.81 | 1.18 | 0.41 to 3.35 |
| Work status | ||||||||
| Not currently working | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Currently working | 0.55** | 0.37 to 0.81 | 0.75 | 0.47 to 1.21 | 0.51* | 0.30 to 0.86 | 0.80 | 0.37 to 1.74 |
| Wealth status | ||||||||
| Quintile 1 poorest | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Quintile 2 | 1.52 | 0.59 to 3.87 | 1.36 | 0.47 to 3.88 | 1.1 | 0.47 to 2.55 | 0.60 | 0.23 to 1.60 |
| Quintile 3 | 1.94 | 0.81 to 4.62 | 1.54 | 0.60 to 3.90 | 1.63 | 0.82 to 3.22 | 1.07 | 0.42 to 2.73 |
| Quintile 4 | 3.79** | 1.65 to 8.69 | 1.85 | 0.69 to 4.94 | 2.17* | 1.04 to 4.49 | 0.83 | 0.34 to 2.04 |
| Quintile 5 richest | 6.21*** | 2.9 to 13.28 | 1.85 | 0.68 to 5.05 | 2.43* | 1.21 to 4.89 | 1.44 | 0.61 to 3.38 |
| BMI | ||||||||
| Normal weight | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Underweight | 0.41 | 0.14 to 1.17 | 0.63 | 0.22 to 1.82 | 0.16* | 0.02 to 0.93 | 0.14 | 0.01 to 1.17 |
| Overweight | 2.43*** | 1.52 to 3.88 | 1.17 | 0.61 to 2.25 | 1.88 | 0.76 to 4.63 | 1.50 | 0.55 to 4.04 |
| Obese | 4.24*** | 2.4 to 7.48 | 1.57 | 0.71 to 3.50 | 2.7* | 1.21 to 6.03 | 1.27 | 0.48 to 3.33 |
| Waist circumference | ||||||||
| Normal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| High risk | 1.95* | 1.06 to 3.58 | 1.44 | 0.66 to 3.15 | 1.08 | 0.52 to 2.24 | 1.11 | 0.50 to 2.44 |
| Very high risk | 4.78*** | 2.88 to 7.93 | 2.27* | 1.03 to 5.01 | 3.24*** | 1.69 to 6.18 | 2.62* | 1.09 to 6.31 |
| Waist-hip ratio | ||||||||
| Normal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| High risk | 1.85 | 0.99 to 3.43 | 1.32 | 0.72 to 2.45 | 1.49 | 0.94 to 2.36 | 1.24 | 0.74 to 2.10 |
| Waist-height ratio | ||||||||
| Low risk | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| High risk | 4.45*** | 2.27 to 8.69 | 1.37 | 0.60 to 3.08 | 1.63 | 0.67 to 3.93 | 0.49 | 0.19 to 1.27 |
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Non-smoker | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Former smoker | 0.97 | 0.54 to 1.72 | 1.22 | 0.65 to 2.25 | 0.59 | 0.28 to 1.24 | 1.17 | 0.47 to 2.91 |
| Occasional smoker | 0.61 | 0.18 to 2.04 | 0.27 | 0.03 to 2.17 | 0.41 | 0.13 to 1.25 | 1.02 | 0.26 to 4.03 |
| Daily smoker | 0.13** | 0.03 to 0.56 | 0.43 | 0.09 to 1.99 | 0.51* | 0.28 to 0.94 | 0.77 | 0.31 to 1.88 |
| Alcohol | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 1.23 | 0.81 to 1.86 | 1.35 | 0.87 to 2.09 | 0.43** | 0.23 to 0.8 | 0.53 | 0.25 to 1.11 |
| Fruit and vegetable intake | ||||||||
| Inadequate | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Adequate | 1.31 | 0.86 to 1.98 | 1.06 | 0.67 to 1.66 | 1.30 | 0.87 to 1.95 | 1.14 | 0.70 to 1.86 |
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| High | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Moderate | 2.65*** | 1.55 to 4.53 | 1.88* | 1.03 to 3.42 | 1.89 | 0.9 to 3.95 | 1.66 | 0.78 to 3.52 |
| Low | 3.01*** | 2.0 to 4.51 | 1.58 | 0.95 to 2.63 | 2.27** | 1.26 to 4.0 | 1.35 | 0.66 to 2.73 |
Survey sampling weights applied. VIF Ghana 1.48. VIF South Africa 1.57.
*P value < 0.05; **P value < 0.01; ***P value < 0.001.
BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; VIF, variance inflation factor; WHO-SAGE, WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health.