Subgroup seen at 7 years (Adelaide) n=109 | Subgroup seen at 9 years (Auckland) n=99 | |||||
Metformin n=58 | Insulin n=51 | P values | Metformin n=45 | Insulin n=54 | P values | |
Maternal | ||||||
Weight gain between enrollment and 36 weeks (kg) | 1.0±2.5 | 0.7±2.4 | 0.59 | 0.4±3.2 | 1.6±2.8 | 0.07 |
Supplementary insulin prescribed | 18 (31.0) | – | – | 23 (51.1) | – | – |
Glycemic control from randomization until delivery * | n=57 | n=51 | n=45 | n=54 | ||
Mean fasting capillary glucose | 0.0005 | 0.60 | ||||
Tertile 1 (mean 83±5 mg/dL) | 16 (28.1) | 31 (60.8) | 17 (37.8) | 26 (48.1) | ||
Tertile 2 (mean 92±4 mg/dL) | 25 (43.9) | 17 (33.3) | 19 (42.2) | 19 (35.2) | ||
Tertile 3 (mean 106±11 mg/dL) | 16 (28.1) | 3 (5.6) | 9 (20) | 9 (16.7) | ||
Mean postprandial capillary glucose | 0.35 | 0.62 | ||||
Tertile 1 (mean 101±4 mg/dL) | 13 (22.8) | 18 (35.3) | 24 (53.3) | 29 (53.7) | ||
Tertile 2 (mean 112±4 mg/dL) | 28 (49.1) | 22 (43.1) | 13 (28.9) | 19 (35.2) | ||
Tertile 3 (mean 130±13 mg/dL) | 16 (28.1) | 11 (21.6) | 8 (17.8) | 6 (11.1) | ||
Mean glucose | 0.002 | 0.64 | ||||
Tertile 1 (94±4 mg/dL) | 12 (21.1) | 26 (51.0) | 23 (51.1) | 31 (57.4) | ||
Tertile 2 (103±2 mg/dL) | 30 (52.6) | 21 (41.2) | 14 (31.1) | 17 (31.5) | ||
Tertile 3 (117±11 mg/dL) | 15 (26.3) | 4 (7.8) | 8 (17.8) | 6 (11.1) | ||
HbA1c at 36 weeks (%) | 5.3±0.6 | 5.4±0.4 | 0.45 | 5.7±0.5 | 5.6±0.4 | 0.18 |
HbA1c at 36 weeks (mmol/mol) | 34±6 | 35.5±4 | 0.45 | 39±6 | 38±4 | 0.18 |
Hypertensive complications | ||||||
Gestational hypertension | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 1.00 | 5 (11.1) | 3 (5.5) | 0.46 |
Pre-eclampsia | 3 (5.1) | 2 (3.9) | 1.00 | 2 (4.4) | 0 (0) | 0.20 |
Mode of delivery | 0.44 | 0.83 | ||||
Vaginal delivery | 33 (56.9) | 33 (64.7) | 30 (66.7) | 34 (63.0) | ||
Caesarean delivery | 25 (43.1) | 18 (35.3) | 15 (33.3) | 20 (37.0) | ||
Neonatal | ||||||
Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 38.4±1.2 | 38.8±1.0 | 0.05 | 38.4±1.3 | 38.5±1.2 | 0.75 |
Gestation at birth <37 weeks | 6 (10.3) | 2 (3.9) | 0.28 | 5 (11.1%) | 6 (11.1%) | 1.00 |
Birth weight (g) | 3481±565 | 3324±431 | 0.10 | 3284±563 | 3238±542 | 0.69 |
Birth weight customized centile | 61±29 | 50±29 | 0.053 | 49±30 | 45±29 | 0.59 |
Birth weight below 10th percentile | 5 (8.6) | 4 (7.8) | 1.0 | 5 (11.1) | 6 (11.1) | 1.00 |
Birth weight above 90th percentile | 12 (20.7) | 3 (5.9) | 0.029 | 5 (11.1) | 6 (11.1) | 1.00 |
Crown-heel length (cm) | 50±2.2 | 49.8±2 | 0.61 | 50.4±2.7 | 50.0±2.7 | 0.49 |
Crown-rump length (cm) | 34.2±1.9 | 33.8±1.6 | 0.30 | 32.5±3.0 | 32.4±2.6 | 0.80 |
Head circumference (cm) | 35.1±1.4 | 34.6±1.2 | 0.056 | 34.8±1.6 | 34.5±1.7 | 0.39 |
Chest circumference (cm) | 34.2±2.1 | 34±1.7 | 0.53 | 33.7±2.7 | 33.4±2.5 | 0.62 |
Abdominal circumference (cm) | 32.6±2.4 | 31.7±2.6 | 0.09 | 32.8±3.2 | 32.2±2.9 | 0.30 |
Mid-upper arm circumference (cm) | 11.2±1.0 | 10.8±1.0 | 0.04 | 11.1±1.5 | 10.9±1.4 | 0.43 |
Triceps skinfold thickness (mm) | 4.7±0.9 | 4.3±0.9 | 0.03 | 4.7±0.9 | 5.0±1.1 | 0.28 |
Subscapular skinfold thickness (mm) | 5.1±1.2 | 4.9±1.0 | 0.44 | 4.9±1.2 | 4.9±1.1 | 0.79 |
Ponderal Index (birth weight (g) × 100/crown-heel length (cm)3) | 2.8±0.2 | 2.7±0.2 | 0.10 | 2.6±0.3 | 2.6±0.3 | 0.60 |
Infant feeding 6–8 weeks postpartum | 0.30 | 0.59 | ||||
Breast feeding | 32 (55.1) | 25 (49.0) | 25 (55.6) | 30 (56.6) | ||
Formula feeding | 17 (29.3) | 13 (25.5) | 5 (11.1) | 10 (18.9) | ||
Both breast and formula feeding | 5 (8.6) | 13 (25.5) | 14 (31.1) | 13 (24.5) | ||
Not seen | 4 (6.8) | 0 | 1 (2.2) | 1 (1.9) |
Data are expressed as mean±SD or n (%).
*Glucose control was calculated using capillary glucose measures during treatment. Women measured fasting and 2-hour postprandial levels daily. Control was divided into tertiles with tertile 1 reflecting women with tightest control.23