Total MiG cohort n=733 | Subgroup whose children were seen at 7 years (Adelaide) n=109 | Subgroup whose children were seen at 9 years (Auckland) n=99 | P values M versus I | ||||
Metformin (M) n=58 | Insulin (I) n=51 | P values M versus I | M n=45 | I n=54 | |||
Age (years) | 32.8±5.3 | 33.6±5.7 | 33.9±4.7 | 0.81 | 34.12±5.12 | 35.21±4.72 | 0.28 |
BMI (kg/m²) | |||||||
At booking (before 20 weeks’ gestation) | 32.1±7.9 | 31.3±7.8 | 31.9±8.3 | 0.72 | 31.1±8.8 | 29.5±6.4 | 0.32 |
At enrollment | 34.9±7.8 | 34.2±7.1 | 34±7.9 | 0.93 | 35.4±11.3 | 32.0±6.3 | 0.08 |
Gestational age at enrollment (weeks) | 30.1±3.2 | 31.3±2.8 | 31.6±2 | 0.47 | 29.9±3.6 | 29.5±3.4 | 0.55 |
Ethnicity (self-reported) | 0.17 | 0.39 | |||||
European/Caucasian | 343 (46.8) | 52 (89.7) | 43 (84.3) | 25 (55.6) | 21 (38.9) | ||
Polynesian | 156 (21.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (13.3) | 7 (13.0) | ||
Indian | 93 (12.7) | 0 (0) | 4 (7.8) | 7 (15.6) | 16 (29.6) | ||
Chinese and other Southeast Asian | 86 (11.7) | 4 (6.9) | 2 (3.9) | 6 (13.3) | 7 (13.0) | ||
Other or mixed | 55 (7.5) | 2 (3.4) | 2 (3.9) | 1 (2.2) | 3 (5.6) | ||
Tertiary education | 323 (44.1) | 30 (51.7) | 32 (62.7) | 0.33 | 28 (62.2) | 32 (59.3) | 0.84 |
Smoking in pregnancy | 121 (16.5) | 7 (12.1) | 1 (2.0) | 0.065 | 5 (11.1) | 4 (7.4) | 0.73 |
Chronic hypertension | 58 (7.9) | 7 (12.1) | 5 (9.8) | 0.77 | 7 (15.6) | 5 (9.3) | 0.37 |
Family history diabetes (1st degree) | 343 (46.8) | 17 (29.3) | 20 (39.2) | 0.31 | 25 (55.6) | 35 (64.8) | 0.41 |
Fasting plasma glucose at enrollment (mg/dL) | 94±32 | 88±16 | 88±13 | 0.78 | 95±16 | 90±11 | 0.10 |
Fasting plasma glucose at enrollment (mmol/L) | 5.2±1.0 | 4.9±0.8 | 4.9±0.7 | 0.78 | 5.3±0.8 | 5.0±0.6 | 0.10 |
HbA1c at enrollment (%) | 5.8±0.7 | 5.4±0.5 | 5.3±0.5 | 0.76 | 5.9±0.5 | 5.8±0.5 | 0.30 |
HbA1c at enrollment (mmol/mol) | 40±8 | 35.5±5 | 34±5 | 0.76 | 41±5 | 40±5 | 0.30 |
Weight gain before enrollment (kg) | 6.7±5.4 | 7.5±5.4 | 6.2±4.6 | 0.19 | 6.9±5.6 | 6.4±4.5 | 0.64 |
Paternal height (cm) | 176.6±8.8 | 179.3±10 | 177.6±7.8 | 0.34 | 175.2±8.8 | 176.3±7.6 | 0.50 |
Paternal weight (kg) | 88.1±18.4 | 90.0±20.9 | 88.0±13 | 0.56 | 88.1±20.0 | 85.7±16.5 | 0.53 |
Paternal BMI (kg/m2) | 28.2±5.4 | 28.0±6.2 | 27.9±4 | 0.90 | 28.6±5.4 | 27.4±4.4 | 0.29 |
Data are expressed as mean±SD or n (%).
BMI, body mass index; MiG, metformin in gestational diabetes.