Baseline characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes in each oral antihyperglycemic agent (OHA) therapy cohort
| OHA therapy cohort | |||
| OHA monotherapy (n=23 925) | OHA dual therapy (n=8406) | OHA triple therapy (n=1158) | |
| Baseline patient characteristics | |||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 59.2 (12.9) | 56.9 (11.9) | 56.6 (10.6) |
| Male sex, n (%) | 14 356 (60.0%) | 5475 (65.1%) | 1061 (69.9%) |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 2388 (10.0%) | 750 (8.9%) | 123 (8.1%) |
| Duration of diabetes (years), mean (SD) | 0.7 (1.3) | 1.9 (1.8) | 3.0 (1.8) |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 32.9 (6.6) | 32.8 (6.6) | 33.4 (6.6) |
| HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 7.8 (1.6) | 8.6 (1.6) | 9.1 (1.5) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol), mean (SD) | 62 (17.5) | 70 (17.5) | 76 (16.4) |
| Regimens, n (%) | |||
| OHA monotherapy | 23 925 (100.0%) | – | – |
| MET | 21 628 (90.4%) | – | – |
| SU | 1758 (7.3%) | – | – |
| DPP-4i | 423 (1.8%) | – | – |
| Other | 116 (0.5%) | – | – |
| OHA dual therapy | – | 8406 (100.0%) | – |
| MET+SU | – | 4871 (57.9%) | – |
| MET+DPP-4i | – | 2448 (29.1%) | – |
| MET+TZD | – | 466 (5.5%) | – |
| MET+SGLT-2i | – | 232 (2.8%) | – |
| SU+DPP-4i | – | 223 (2.7%) | – |
| Other | – | 166 (2.0%) | – |
| OHA triple therapy | – | – | 1518 (100.0%) |
| MET+SU+DPP-4i | – | – | 985 (64.9%) |
| MET+SU+TZD | – | – | 210 (13.8%) |
| MET+DPP-4i+SGLT-2i | – | – | 119 (7.8%) |
| MET+DPP-4i+TZD | – | – | 104 (6.9%) |
| MET+SU+SGLT-2i | – | – | 68 (4.5%) |
| Other | – | – | 32 (2.1%) |
| Prescriptions | |||
| Mean (SD) | 19.9 (18.9) | 22.8 (19.4) | 26.9 (22.6) |
| Patients in receipt of lipid-lowering therapy, n (%) | 17 462 (73.0%) | 6512 (77.5%) | 1274 (83.9%) |
| Patients in receipt of antihypertensive therapy, n (%) | 14 460 (60.4%) | 5037 (59.9%) | 973 (64.1%) |
| Complications at baseline, n (%) | |||
| Microvascular complications* | 429 (1.79%) | 393 (4.68%) | 210 (13.83%) |
| Macrovascular complications† | 932 (3.90%) | 261 (3.10%) | 92 (6.06%) |
| Other complications‡ | 88 (0.37%) | 62 (0.74%) | 42 (2.77%) |
*Microvascular complications include diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy (comprising neuropathy, ulcer and amputation) and retinopathy (comprising retinopathy, blindness and macular edema).
†Macrovascular complications include congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction and stroke.
‡Other complications include nausea, gastrointestinal complications, edema, urinary tract infection, acute pancreatitis, fracture, ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia.
BMI, body mass index; DPP-4i, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; MET, metformin; SGLT-2i, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor; SU, sulfonylurea; TZD, thiazolidinedione.