Comparison between cohort 1 and cohort 2 for patients with type 2 and type 1 diabetes with respect to clinical characteristics, controlled levels of blood glucose, BP, and lipid, and treatments for diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Cohorts 1 and 2 were recruited in 2004 and 2014, respectively, with the same inclusion criteria without any overlapping patients between the cohorts
| Type 2 diabetes | Type 1 diabetes | Data availability (%) | |||
| Cohort 1 | Cohort 2 | Cohort 1 | Cohort 2 | ||
| n=3319 | n=3932 | n=286 | n=308 | ||
| Male (%) | 64.2 | 68.8* | 42.0 | 40.9 | 100.0 |
| Age (years) | 58.3±8.3 | 58.6±8.7 | 45.2±13.0 | 43.6±13.5 | 100.0 |
| Known duration (years) | 11±8 | 12±8* | 14±9 | 15±10 | 100.0 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7±3.8 | 25.4±4.2* | 22.5±3.2 | 22.9±3.1 | 100.0 |
| Diet/tablets/insulin (%) | 13.9/64.8/21.3 | 9.7/70.8/19.5* | – | – | 100.0 |
| Smoking Never/past/current (%) | 47.9/20.9/31.2 | 41.7/33.3/25.0* | 52.4/17.1/30.4 | 58.8/16.2/25.0 | 99.7 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol (%) | 58±8 (7.46±1.09) | 52±7 (7.00±0.95)* | 62±9 (7.91±1.22) | 60±8 (7.68±1.04)‡ | 100.0 |
| HbA1c on target (%) | 33.6 | 57.1* | 23.4 | 26.1 | 100.0 |
| with diet alone (%) | 66.5 | 80.6* | – | – | 100.0 |
| with oral hypoglycemic tablets (%) | 31.8 | 61.4* | – | – | 100.0 |
| with insulin | 17.6 | 29.9* | – | – | 100.0 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 129±14 | 127±14* | 122±16 | 122±15 | 100.0 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 75±9 | 75±10 | 72±9 | 72±10 | 100.0 |
| Use of antihypertensive drugs (%) | 38.7 | 48.0* | 15.0 | 19.8 | 100.0 |
| BP on target (%) | 42.2 | 46.2† | 62.6 | 62.3 | 100.0 |
| without antihypertensive drugs (%) | 51.2 | 57.8 | 68.7 | 68.4 | 100.0 |
| with antihypertensive drugs (%) | 27.9 | 40.7* | 27.9 | 37.7 | 100.0 |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 116±29 | 108±28* | 102±27 | 107±28 | 98.0 |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 55±15 | 55±15 | 70±19 | 72±18 | 99.7 |
| non-HDL (mg/dl) | 145±33 | 132±33* | 123±29 | 124±31 | 95.5 |
| Use of lipid-lowering drugs (%) | 23.7 | 45.3* | 11.9 | 13.0 | 100.0 |
| Lipid on target (%) | 42.5 | 54.4* | 68.7 | 66.6 | 97.1 |
| without lipid-lowering drugs | 42.7 | 45.5 | 71.3 | 65.3 | 97.2 |
| with lipid-lowering drugs | 42.0 | 54.4* | 50.0 | 75.0 | 97.0 |
| All of HbA1c, BP and lipids on targets (%) | 7.3 | 15.5* | 9.5 | 12.1 | 99.0 |
| Non-insulin antidiabetic tablets | 100.0 | ||||
| Sulfonylureas | 57.4 | 34.1* | – | – | |
| Metformin | 42.3 | 54.7* | 10.1 | 8.1 | |
| Pioglitazone | 11.7 | 12.5 | – | – | |
| Glinide | 5 | 6.3* | – | – | |
| α-glucosidase inhibitors | 13.7 | 13.7 | 3.8 | 3.6 | |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors | – | 55.0 | – | – | |
| SGLT-2 inhibitors | – | – | |||
| total number of tablets per user | 1.7±0.8 | 2.1±1.0* | 1.3±0.5 | 1.4±0.7 | |
| GLP-1 agonist | – | 3.3 | – | – | 100.0 |
| Insulin | 100.0 | ||||
| Ultra-long-acting | 3.9 | 12.5* | 46.2 | 86.4* | |
| NPH | 6.7 | 0.3* | 34.3 | 1.0* | |
| Mix | 9.5 | 5.2* | 14.7 | 5.8* | |
| Short-acting | 2.3 | 0.2* | 23.8 | 2.9* | |
| Ultra-short-acting | 8.9 | 9.0 | 68.2 | 89.9* | |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 100.0 | ||||
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 22.6 | 40.4* | 8.0 | 16.6† | |
| ACE inhibitors | 4.5 | 2.9* | 3.1 | 1.0 | |
| Calcium channel blockers | 23.9 | 27.1† | 7.0 | 12.3‡ | |
| Diuretics | 5.9 | 9.0* | 1.0 | 2.9 | |
| β-blockers | 4.6 | 6.0† | 2.1 | 1.3 | |
| α-blockers | 2.9 | 1.1* | 0 | 0.6 | |
| Others | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0 | 0.3 | |
| total number of drugs per user | 1.7±0.9 | 1.8±0.9* | 1.4±0.7 | 1.8±0.8‡ | |
| Antihyperlipidemic drugs | 97.1 | ||||
| Statins | 18.1 | 39.3* | 10.5 | 13.0 | |
| Fibrates | 4.9 | 4.6 | 1.7 | 0 | |
| total number of drugs per user | 1.0±0.2 | 1.1±0.2‡ | 1.0±1.2 | 1.1±0.2 | |
*p<0.001.
†p<0.01.
‡p<0.05 versus cohort 1.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1C; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SGLT-2, sodium glucose cotransporter-2.