Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms and known medical conditions in people with type 1 diabetes and comparison with controls
| Symptom | Type 1 diabetes | Controls | OR (95% CI) | P values |
| Normal bowel habit | 541 (76.6%) | 540 (89.4) | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.6) | <0.001 |
| Constipation | 60 (8.5%) | 20 (3.3%) | 2.4 (1.4 to 4.1) | <0.001 |
| Diarrhea | 43 (6.1%) | 16 (2.6%) | 2.5 (1.4 to 4.5) | 0.0017 |
| Alternating bowel habit | 62 (8.8%) | 27 (4.5%) | 2.1 (1.3 to 3.4) | 0.0013 |
| Flatulence | 231 (34.9%) | 174 (28.8%) | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.7) | 0.02 |
| Bloating | 203 (30.7%) | 146 (24.2%) | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.8) | 0.009 |
| Floating stools | 84 (12.7%) | 31 (5.1%) | 2.7 (1.8 to 4.1) | <0.001 |
| Weight loss | 76 (11.5%) | 34 (5.6%) | 2.2 (1.4 to 3.3) | 0.0002 |
| Abdominal pain | 117 (17.7%) | 81 (13.4%) | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.9) | 0.037 |
| TATT | 247 (37.3%) | 100 (16.6%) | 3.0 (2.3 to 3.9) | <0.001 |
| Celiac disease | 2 | 4 | 0.4 (0.1 to 2.3) | NS |
| Anemia | 92 | 53 | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.2) | 0.012 |
| Thyroid | 87 | 20 | 4.1 (2.5 to 6.8) | <0.0001 |
| Primary biliary cirrhosis | 1 | 0 | NA | NS |
| Sjogren’s | 2 | 0 | NA | NS |
| Dermatitis herpetiformis | 3 | 0 | NA | NS |
| Osteoporosis | 15 | 12 | 1.1 (0.5 to 2.3) | NS |
| Epilepsy | 15 | 3 | 4.3 (1.3 to 15.1) | 0.015 |
| Neurologic disease | 29 | 11 | 2.3 (1.1 to 4.7) | 0.023 |
| Previous pancreatitis | 16 | 3 | 4.6 (1.3 to 16.0) | 0.0009 |
| Irritable bowel syndrome | 74 | 48 | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.0) | NS |
| Diverticular disease | 5 | 4 | 1.1 (0.3 to 4.0) | NS |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 8 | 2 | 3.4 (0.7 to 16.3) | NS |
| Bowel cancer | 1 | 5 | 0.2 (0.02 to 1.5) | NS |
| Other | 35 | 16 | 1.9 (1.1 to 3.5) | 0.032 |
| Appendectomy | 67 | 46 | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.9) | NS |
| Tonsillectomy | 116 | 104 | 1 (0.7 to 1.3) | NS |
NA, not applicable; TATT, tiredness all the time.