Characteristics | Total | Full analytic sample 1 | Analytic subsample 2 | |||||||
Type 2 diabetes§ | HOMA-IR¶ | |||||||||
Present | Absent | HOMA-IR ≥75th | Insulin-sensitive | |||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Unweighted sample | 1631 | 262 | 12.57 | 1369 | 87.43 | 342 | 23.57 | 1027 | 76.43 | |
Weighted sample | 136 081 781 | 17 101 218 | 118 980 564 | 28 039 126 | 90 941 437 | |||||
Age (years) (%) | ||||||||||
≥30 to <45 (R) | 563 | 37.6 | 33 | 12.4 | 530 | 41.2 | 141 | 43.5 | 389 | 40.5 |
≥45 to <65 | 710 | 45.0 | 126 | 51.8 | 584 | 44.0 | 145 | 43.6 | 439 | 44.0 |
≥65 | 358 | 17.4 | 103 | 35.9 | 255 | 14.8 | 56 | 12.9 | 199 | 15.4 |
Sex (%) | ||||||||||
Male (R) | 788 | 48.6 | 151 | 57.2 | 637 | 47.3 | 185 | 55.8 | 452 | 44.7 |
Female | 843 | 51.4 | 111 | 42.8 | 732 | 52.7 | 157 | 44.2 | 575 | 55.3 |
Race/ethnicity (%) | ||||||||||
Non-Hispanic white (R) | 760 | 68.9 | 96 | 59.3 | 664 | 70.3 | 153 | 66.2 | 511 | 71.6 |
Non-Hispanic black | 275 | 10.8 | 52 | 13.2 | 223 | 10.5 | 67 | 14.4 | 156 | 9.3 |
Total Hispanic including multiracial | 596 | 20.3 | 114 | 27.5 | 482 | 19.2 | 122 | 19.4 | 360 | 19.2 |
Education (%) | ||||||||||
Some college or higher (R) | 829 | 61.4 | 113 | 55.6 | 716 | 62.2 | 156 | 52.6 | 560 | 65.2 |
High school diploma | 364 | 22.3 | 63 | 23.4 | 301 | 22.1 | 87 | 28.5 | 214 | 20.1 |
Less than high school | 433 | 16.4 | 85 | 21.0 | 348 | 15.7 | 98 | 18.9 | 250 | 14.7 |
Health insurance (%) | ||||||||||
Yes (R) | 1225 | 81.3 | 215 | 85.3 | 1010 | 80.7 | 246 | 79.0 | 764 | 81.3 |
No | 406 | 18.7 | 47 | 14.7 | 359 | 19.3 | 96 | 21.0 | 263 | 18.7 |
PIR (%) | ||||||||||
PIR≥350%= PIR≥3.50 (R) | 480 | 42.8 | 61 | 32.9 | 419 | 44.3 | 91 | 35.7 | 328 | 46.9 |
130%≤PIR< 350%=1.30≤ PIR<3.50 | 549 | 33.6 | 97 | 38.7 | 452 | 32.8 | 104 | 33.8 | 348 | 32.5 |
PIR<130%= PIR<1.30 | 445 | 16.2 | 72 | 18.2 | 373 | 15.9 | 117 | 21.9 | 256 | 14.0 |
Did not answer (missing) | 157 | 7.4 | 32 | 10.2 | 125 | 7.0 | 30 | 8.5 | 95 | 6.5 |
BMI (%) | ||||||||||
Normal <25 kg/m2 (R) | 405 | 27.8 | 35 | 12.2 | 370 | 30.1 | 17 | 5.7 | 353 | 37.6 |
Overweight ≥25 to <30 kg/m2 | 580 | 34.0 | 74 | 23.8 | 506 | 35.5 | 93 | 23.9 | 413 | 39.1 |
Obese ≥30 kg/m2 | 640 | 38.2 | 152 | 64.0 | 488 | 34.4 | 231 | 70.4 | 257 | 23.3 |
Physical activity (%) | ||||||||||
Active, vigorous-to-moderate (R) | 920 | 62.4 | 116 | 51.9 | 804 | 63.9 | 186 | 56.4 | 618 | 66.0 |
Sedentary | 711 | 37.6 | 146 | 48.1 | 565 | 36.1 | 156 | 43.6 | 409 | 33.8 |
Smoking status (%) | ||||||||||
Former or never smoker (R) | 1338 | 84.1 | 224 | 87.8 | 1114 | 83.5 | 271 | 82.4 | 843 | 83.9 |
Current smoker | 293 | 15.9 | 38 | 12.2 | 255 | 16.5 | 71 | 17.6 | 184 | 16.1 |
Serum vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) status (%)† | ||||||||||
Sufficient levels (R) | 1039 | 70.5 | 135 | 58.8 | 904 | 72.1 | 200 | 60.6 | 704 | 75.7 |
Insufficient levels (<50 nmol/L) | 592 | 29.5 | 127 | 41.3 | 465 | 27.9 | 142 | 39.4 | 232 | 24.3 |
Serum vitamin (25(OH)D) status (%)† | ||||||||||
Sufficient levels (R) | 1125 | 75.9 | 165 | 71.1 | 960 | 76.6 | 217 | 66.2 | 743 | 79.8 |
Insufficient levels (<50 nmol/L) | 506 | 24.1 | 97 | 28.9 | 409 | 23.4 | 125 | 33.8 | 284 | 20.2 |
Season of examination (%)† | ||||||||||
Summer, May 1–October 3 (R) | 903 | 61.1 | 143 | 61.4 | 760 | 61.1 | 173 | 57.3 | 587 | 62.3 |
Winter, November 1–April 30 | 728 | 38.9 | 119 | 38.6 | 609 | 38.9 | 169 | 42.7 | 440 | 37.8 |
Periodontitis (%)‡ | ||||||||||
None or mild (R) | 872 | 60.5 | 90 | 38.9 | 782 | 63.6 | 191 | 61.4 | 591 | 64.3 |
Moderate or severe | 759 | 39.5 | 172 | 61.1 | 587 | 36.4 | 151 | 38.6 | 436 | 35.7 |
Missing values for analytic samples 1 and 2, respectively: education: n=5 (0.1%) and n=4 (0.14%); BMI: n=6 (0.3%) and n=5 (0.32%).
* NHANES survey analytic guidelines recommend the relative SE is not larger than 30%, all estimates for each subgroup were less than 30%.
† Serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) and vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) insufficiency is defined as levels <50 nmol/L or <20 ng/mL.
‡ Case definitions for periodontitis based on the definition from the Division of Oral Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in collaboration with the American Academy of Periodontology.
§ Type 2 diabetes based on self-report of a previous diagnosis by a physician or other health professionals, or based on the level of hemoglobin A1c of 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) or greater and fasting plasma glucose level of 126 mg/dL or greater.
¶ HOMA-IR ≥4.17 (population-specific 75th percentile) established using fasting glucose and insulin levels by the following formula: HOMA-IR=[glucose (mmol/L)×insulin (μU/mL) / 22.5]. HOMA-IR excluded those with diagnosed and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes.
25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; 25(OH)D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3; BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; PIR, poverty income ratio; R, reference category.