Outcomes | HOMA-IR* | Pre-diabetes† | Type 2 diabetes‡ | ||||
Exposures | With/without outcome§ (n) | OR (95% CI) | With/without outcome§ (n) | OR(95% CI) | With/without outcome§ (n) | OR (95% CI) | |
G=0 (periodontitis none or mild) | E=0 25(OH)D3 sufficiency | 112/406 | Reference (1.00) | 261/257 | Reference (1.00) | 48/518 | Reference (1.00) |
E=1 25(OH)D3 insufficiency¶ | 79/185 | 1.87 (1.40 to 2.49)** | 146/118 | 1.06 (0.71 to 1.60) | 42/264 | 1.37 (0.58 to 3.33) | |
G=1 (periodontitis moderate or severe) †† | E=0 25(OH)D3 sufficiency | 88/298 | 1.03 (0.70 to 1.59) | 269/117 | 1.19 (0.80 to 1.78) | 87/386 | 1.26 (0.68 to 2.35) |
E=1 25(OH)D3 insufficiency¶ | 63/138 | 1.90 (1.46 to 3.16)** | 141/60 | 1.23 (0.69 to 2.18) | 85/201 | 3.02 (1.30 to 6.98)** | |
P values‡‡ | 0.96 | 0.91 | 0.21 | ||||
With/without outcome§§ (n) | With/without outcome§§ (n) | With/without outcome§§ (n) | |||||
G=0 (periodontitis none or mild) | E=0 25(OH)D3 sufficiency | 112/406 | Reference (1.00) | 261/257 | Reference (1.00) | 48/518 | Reference (1.00) |
E=1 25(OH)D3 insufficiency¶ | 79/185 | 1.36 (0.94 to 1.95) | 146/118 | 0.90 (0.61 to 1.34) | 42/264 | 1.07 (0.48 to 2.38) | |
G=1 (periodontitis moderate or severe)†† | E=0 25(OH)D3 sufficiency | 88/298 | 1.06 (0.62 to 1.83) | 269/117 | 1.14 (0.73 to 1.77) | 87/386 | 1.27 (0.70 to 2.28) |
E=1 25(OH)D3 insufficiency¶ | 63/138 | 1.57 (0.97 to 2.55) | 141/60 | 0.99 (0.58 to 1.68) | 85/201 | 2.83 (1.34 to 5.96)** | |
P values‡‡ | 0.75 | 0.90 | 0.10 |
*HOMA-IR ≥4.17 (population-specific 75th percentile) established using fasting glucose and insulin levels by the following formula: HOMA-IR=[glucose (mmol/L)×insulin (μU/mL) / 22.5]. HOMA-IR excluded those with diagnosed and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes.
†Pre-diabetes based on the level of HbA1c of 5.7%–6.4% (39–47 mmol/mol), fasting plasma glucose level of 100–125 mg/dL, or adults who reported having been told by a health professional that they have any of the following: pre-diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, or borderline diabetes. Pre-diabetes excluded those with diagnosed and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes.
‡Type 2 diabetes based on self-report of a previous diagnosis by a physician or other health professionals, or based on the level of HbA1c of 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) or greater and fasting plasma glucose level of 126 mg/dL or greater.
§Minimally adjusted model for age, sex, race/ethnicity, PIR, season, smoking, and physical activity.
¶Serum vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) insufficiency defined as levels <50 nmol/L or <20 ng/mL.
**Significance at p<0.05. Statistically significant values are shown in bold.
††Case definitions for periodontitis based on the definition from the Division of Oral Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in collaboration with the American Academy of Periodontology.
‡‡Represents multiplicative interaction p value results from adjusted survey logistic models.
§§Fully adjusted model for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, insurance, season, smoking, physical activity, and body mass index.
25(OH)D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.