Maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes
| NGT group (n=697) | GDM group (n=177) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P† interaction | |
| Maternal outcomes | |||||
| IWG | 153 (22.0) | 70 (39.5)* | 2.37 (1.64 to 3.30) | 3.29 (2.24 to 4.83) | 0.803 |
| Pregnancy-induced hypertension | 24 (3.4) | 8 (4.5) | 1.24 (0.67 to 2.30) | 1.09 (0.47 to 2.56) | NA |
| Pre-eclampsia | 11 (1.6) | 7 (4.0) | 2.57 (0.98 to 6.72) | 1.91 (0.70 to 5.16) | NA |
| Albuminuria | 6 (0.9) | 2 (1.1) | 1.23 (0.37 to 4.13) | 0.87 (0.17 to 4.54) | NA |
| Urinary tract infection | 57 (8.2) | 27 (15.3)* | 1.69 (1.20 to 2.38) | 1.77 (1.06 to 2.96) | 0.764 |
| Delivery | |||||
| Vaginal eutocic | 496 (71.2) | 132 (74.6) | 0.86 (0.43 to 1.71) | 0.63 (0.37 to 1.08) | |
| Instrumental | 100 (14.3) | 26 (14.7) | |||
| Cesarean section | 101 (14.5) | 19 (10.7) | |||
| Emergency cesarean section | 33 (4.7) | 7 (4.0) | 0.83 (0.36 to 1.91) | 0.75 (0.32 to 1.77) | 0.808 |
| Perineal trauma | 62 (8.9) | 20 (11.3) | 1.23 (0.82 to 1.85) | 1.25 (0.72 to 2.18) | 0.222 |
| Neonatal outcomes | |||||
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 39.6±1.315 | 39.5±1.48 | |||
| <37 GW | 15 (2.2) | 8 (4.5) | 1.75 (0.99 to 3.12) | 1.97 (0.78 to 5.14) | 0.803 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3242±434 | 3188±472 | |||
| Percentile | 53.6±35.4 | 56.5±28.2 | |||
| Length (cm) | 49.2±2.5 | 49.0±2.1 | |||
| Percentile | 39.8±28.2 | 39.1±28.6 | |||
| LGA >90th percentile | 14 (2.0) | 8 (4.5) | 2.31 (0.95 to 5.59) | 1.75 (0.70 to 4.36) | 0.783 |
| >4500 g | 0 | 2 (1.1) | |||
| SGA <10th percentile | 18 (2.6) | 12 (6.8)* | 2.05 (1.29 to 3.24) | 3.27 (1.50 to 7.15) | 0.521 |
| Ph cord blood | 7.27±0.15 | 7.28±0.07 | |||
| Apgar score at 1 min | 8.8±0.7 | 8.8±0.9 | |||
| Apgar score at 5 min | 10.0±0.2 | 10.0±0.5 | |||
| Hypoglycemia | 7 (1.0) | 5 (2.8) | 2.86 (0.89 to 9.13) | 2.51 (0.75 to 8.39) | NA |
| Respiratory distress | 6 (0.9) | 1 (0.6) | 0.65 (0.07 to 5.47) | 0.61 (0.07 to 5.33) | NA |
| Hyperbilirubinemia | 39 (5.6) | 14 (7.9) | 1.45 (0.76 to 2.73) | 1.44 (0.75 to 2.80) | 0.842 |
| NICU/observation | 12 (1.7) | 10 (5.6)* | 3.42 (1.45 to 8.04) | 3.47 (1.42 to 8.50) | 0.319 |
Data are mean±SD or number (%).
Adjusted by pregestational body mass index (<25, 25–29.9 and ≥30 kg/m²) and ethnicity (Caucasian vs others).
P†: interaction term gestational diabetes mellitus and study group (intervention or control group). NE: not estimable due to the small number of events and the presence of a zero value in some of the cells in the stratified analysis.
*P<0.01.
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus;GW, gestational weeks;IWG, insufficient weight;LGA, large for gestational age;NA, not applicable;NGT, normal glucose tolerance;NICU, neonatal intensive care unit;SGA, small for gestational age.