Baseline characteristics of the clinical trial population
| NGT group (n=697) | GDM group (n=177) | P values | |
| Age (years) | 32.73±5.10 | 33.44±5.28 | 0.111 |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| Caucasian | 470 (67.4) | 117 (66.1) | 0.032 |
| Hispanic | 207 (29.7) | 53 (29.9) | |
| Others | 20 (2.9) | 7 (4.1) | |
| Family history | |||
| Type 2 diabetes | 138 (19.8) | 42 (23.7) | 0.450 |
| MetS (>2 components) | 145 (20.8) | 38 (21.5) | |
| History | |||
| GDM | 15 (2.2) | 10 (5.7) | 0.043 |
| Miscarriage | 225 (32.3) | 53 (29.9) | |
| Educational status | |||
| Elementary education | 53 (7.6) | 25 (14.2) | 0.030 |
| Secondary school | 167 (24.0) | 45 (25.4) | |
| University degree | 471 (67.6) | 106 (59.9) | |
| UNK | 6 (0.9) | 2 (1.2) | |
| Employment | 539 (77.3) | 135 (76.3) | 0.844 |
| Number of pregnancies | |||
| Primiparous | 301 (43.2) | 77 (43.5) | 0.857 |
| Second pregnancy | 225 (32.3) | 56 (31.6) | |
| >2 pregnancies | 171 (24.5) | 44 (25.9) | |
| Smoker | |||
| Never | 384 (55.1) | 93 (52.5) | 0.786 |
| Current | 55 (7.9) | 17 (9.6) | |
| Gestational age (weeks) at entry | 12.1±0.5 | 12.1±0.7 | 0.261 |
| Body weight (kg) | |||
| Prepregnancy | 59.7±10.2 | 65.1±12.0 | 0.0001 |
| At entry | 61.8±10.5 | 67.2±12.3 | 0.0001 |
| Weight gain at entry | 2.0±2.9 | 2.2±2.9 | 0.508 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| Prepregnancy | 22.6±3.5 | 24.9±4.2 | 0.0001 |
| At baseline | 23.4±3.6 | 25.7±4.4 | 0.0001 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 106±11 | 111±10 | 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 65±10 | 67±8 | 0.063 |
| FBG (mg/dL) | 81±6 | 83±6 | 0.0001 |
| HbA1c % (mmol/mol) | 5.2±0.3 (33±0.9) | 5.0±0.3 (31±0.9) | 0.165 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 173±29 | 177±31 | 0.288 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 80±41 | 89±37 | 0.034 |
| MEDAS score | 4.90±1.73 | 4.89±1.56 | 0.931 |
| Nutrition Score | 0.37±3.2 | 0.27±3.16 | 0.699 |
| Physical Activity Score ≥0 | 80 (12.4) | 19 (10.8) | 0.694 |
Data are mean±SD or number (%).
Physical Activity Score ≥0: (1) walking daily (>5 days ⁄ week); score 0: at least 30 min; score +1: if >60 min; score −1: if <30 min. (2) Climbing stairs (floors ⁄ day, >5 days a week): score 0, between 4 and 16; score +1, >16; score −1: <4.
BMI, body mass index;BP, blood pressure;FBG, fasting blood glucose;GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus;HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c;MEDAS, Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener;MetS, metabolic syndrome;NGT, normal glucose tolerance;UNK, unknown.