Maternal clinical, biochemical and anthropometric data at 24–28 and 36–38 GW
| NGT group (n=697) | GDM group (n=177) | Mean differences (95% CI) | P values | |
| 75 g OGTT 24–28 GW | ||||
| FBG (mg/dL) | 82.9±4.7 4.6±0.3 | 92.9±6.9 5.2±0.4 | 10.0 (9.1 to 10.9) 0.56 (0.51 to 0.61) | 0.001 |
| 1-hour blood glucose (mg/dL) | 117.9±26.1 6.6±1.5 | 158.6±35.8 8.8±2.0 | 40.7 (35.2 to 46.2) 2.3 (2.0 to 2.6) | 0.001 |
| 2-hour blood glucose (mg/dL) | 103.3±20.2 5.7±1.1 | 137.5±31.7 7.6±1.8 | 34.2 (29.8 to 38.6) 1.9 (1.7 to 2.1) | 0.001 |
| HbA1c % (mmol/mol) 24–28 GW | 4.9±0.3 (30±0.9) | 5.1±0.3 (32±0.9) | 0.20 (0.15 to 0 to 24) | 0.001 |
| HbA1c % (mmol/mol) 36–38 GW | 5.2±0.4 (33±1) | 5.3±0.4 (34±1) | 0.07 (−0.00 to 0.14) | 0.060 |
| FBG 36–38 GW (mg/dL) | 74.8±7.5 4.2±0.4 | 79.3±7.3 4.4±0.4 | 4.5 (2.9 to 6.1) 0.2 (0.1 to 0.3) | 0.001 |
| Fasting serum insulin (mcUI/mL) | ||||
| 24–28 GW | 8.9±6.7 | 12.1±6.1 | 3.1 (2.0 to 4.3) | 0.001 |
| 36–38 GW | 10.1±10.4 | 11.0±8.1 | 0.9 (−1.2 to 3.1) | 0.337 |
| HOMA-IR | ||||
| 24–28 GW | 1.9±1.6 | 2.9±1.6 | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.2) | 0.001 |
| 36–38 GW | 2.1±2.7 | 2.2±1.5 | 0.1 (−0.4 to 0.7) | 0.550 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||||
| 24–28 GW | 248±44 | 249±45 | 0.4 (−7.9 to 8.7) | 0.923 |
| 36–38 GW | 275±52 | 270±53 | −4.7 (−15.9 to 6.5) | 0.411 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | ||||
| 24–28 GW | 157±55 | 169±51 | 12.1 (2.0 to 22.1) | 0.015 |
| 36–38 GW | 228±79 | 231±83 | 4.0 (−13.0 to 21.0) | 0.652 |
| Treatment of GDM | ||||
| Nutritional | 130 (73.4) | |||
| Insulin (total) | 47 (26.6) | |||
| Bolus | 7 (14.9) | |||
| Basal | 35 (74.5) | |||
| Basal/Bolus | 5 (10.6) | |||
| Body weight (kg) | ||||
| 24–28 GW | 67.1±10.5 | 71.8±11.5 | 4.7 (2.8 to 6.6) | 0.001 |
| 36–38 GW | 72.1±10.7 | 74.5±12.3 | 2.3 (−0.0 to 4.7) | 0.051 |
| Weight gain (kg) 24–28 to 36–38 GW | 5.29±3.19 | 2.08±3.15 | −3.2 (−3.8 to −2.6) | 0.001 |
| Weight gain (kg) pregestation to 36–38 GW | 10.53±4.39 | 7.16±4.22 | −3.4 (−4.2 to −2.5) | 0.001 |
| EWG | 132 (18.9) | 31 (17.5) | 0.001 | |
| AWG | 412 (59.1) | 76 (42.9) | ||
| IWG | 153 (22.0) | 70 (39.5) | ||
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) 24–28 GW | 104±11 | 109±11 | 4.6 (2.7 to 6.5) | 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) 24–28 GW | 63±9 | 65±10 | 2.6 (1.1 to 4.1) | 0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) 36–38 GW | 112±12 | 112±11 | −0.0 (−2.6 to 2.5) | 0.983 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) 36–38 GW | 73±9 | 73±9 | 0.3 (−1.7 to 2.3) | 0.752 |
Data are mean±SD or number (%).
AWG, adequate weight gain;BP, blood pressure;EWG, excessive weight gain; FBG, fasting blood glucose;GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus;GW, gestational week;HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment insulin resitance;HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c;IWG, insufficient weight gain;NGT, normal glucose tolerance;OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.