Changes in primary (PA (MET.min/week) and sitting time (hours/day)) and secondary outcome measures from baseline to 3 and 12 months, by treatment group
| Measures | Baseline | 3 months | 12 months | Between-group difference, p values | ||||||
| n | Mean (SD) | n | Mean (SD) | Difference from baseline | n | Mean (SD) | Difference from baseline | 3 months | 12 months | |
| Primary outcome | ||||||||||
| Self-reported PA average MET.min/week | ||||||||||
| Intervention | 117 | 200 (342) | 110 | 591 (1054) | +390 (978) | 82 | 832 (1515) | +631 (1461) | +246 (39.2 to 452.6) 0.02* | +447 (150.7 to 744.1) 0.003* |
| Comparison | 110 | 201 (235) | 105 | 345 (368) | +144 (329) | 92 | 385 (524) | +183 (529) | ||
| Secondary outcomes | ||||||||||
| Objectively measured steps/day | ||||||||||
| Intervention | 59 | 4752 (1058) | 44 | 5912 (1620) | +1161 (1617) | 33 | 7034 (2408) | +2282 (2635) | +43 (−544 to 630) 0.9 | +757 (18.4 to 1531) 0.049* |
| Comparison | 44 | 5932 (5413) | 39 | 5870 (1369) | −62.1 (5270) | 36 | 6278 (1270) | +346 (5297) | ||
| Objectively measured sitting time hours/day | ||||||||||
| Intervention | 59 | 13.4 (2.4) | 44 | 12.4 (1.9) | −1.1 (1.6) | 33 | 12.2 (2.2) | −1.2 (1.7) | −1.3 (−2.2 to −0.6) <0.001* | −1.5 (−2.4 to −0.7) <0.001* |
| Comparison | 44 | 13.7 (1.0) | 39 | 13.6 (1.2) | 0.2 (0.8) | 36 | 13.7 (1.4) | +0.1 (1.2) | ||
| Weight | ||||||||||
| Intervention | 117 | 89.6 (20.5) | 110 | 88.8 (20.5) | −0.8 (2.6) | 82 | 85.9 (16.8) | −3.7 (10.4)† | +4.0 (−1.2 to 9.2) 0.1 | −2.2 (−2.4 to 6.9) 0.3 |
| Comparison | 110 | 85.6 (20.5) | 105 | 84.8 (20.2) | −0.7 (3.7) | 92 | 83.7 (19.5) | −1.7 (8.2) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||
| Intervention | 117 | 33.8 (7.9) | 110 | 33.8 (6.8) | −0.001 (4.5) | 82 | 31.8 (4.5) | −0.03 (4.5)† | +0.7 (−1.2 to 2.5) 0.49 | −0.6 (−1.9 to 0.8) 0.40 |
| Comparison | 110 | 33.1 (8.7) | 105 | 33.2 (7.8) | +0.08 (5.3) | 92 | 32.4 (6.2) | +0.08 (5.3) | ||
| HbA1c (%) | ||||||||||
| Intervention | 117 | 8.1 (1.7) | 110 | 8.1 (1.2) | +0.1 (1.200) | 82 | 7.7 (1.4) | −0.4 (1.8)†* | +0.3 (−0.1 to 0.7) 0.11 | +0.2 (−0.2 to 0.5) 0.30 |
| Comparison | 110 | 7.8 (1.7) | 105 | 7.8 (1.6) | +0.1 (0.817) | 92 | 7.5 (1.3) | −0.3 (1.5) | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)‡ | ||||||||||
| Intervention | 117 | 128 (9.0) | 110 | 126 (12.1) | −1.9 (13.0) | 82 | 128 (5.7) | −0.6 (9.4) | −3.8 (−6.7 to −0.9) 0.008* | −1.8 (−3.5 to −0.1) 0.04* |
| Comparison | 110 | 129 (10.7) | 105 | 130 (9.9) | +0.9 (8.1) | 92 | 129 (7.5) | +0.2 (8.6) | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)‡ | ||||||||||
| Intervention | 117 | 83 (9.4) | 110 | 82 (6.6) | −1.1 (9.3) | 82 | 80 (4.2) | −3.1 (9.4) | +0.9 (−1.0 to 2.9) 0.36 | −1.6 (−2.6 to −0.7) 0.001* |
| Comparison | 110 | 78.7 (14.4) | 105 | 81.1 (8.5) | +0.5 (13.1) | 92 | 81.7 (5.4) | +3.0 (0.7) | ||
| Fasting cholesterol (mmol/L)‡ | ||||||||||
| Intervention | 117 | 5.0 (1.2) | 110 | 4.8 (0.7) | −0.2 (0.9) | 82 | 4.5 (1.0) | −0.5 (1.1) | −0.005 (−0.2 to 0.2) 0.96 | −0.08 (−0.3 to 0.2) 0.51 |
| Comparison | 110 | 4.9 (1.0) | 105 | 4.9 (0.9) | −0.1 (0.7) | 92 | 4.6 (0.8) | −0.3 (0.9) | ||
| HDL (mmol/L)‡ | ||||||||||
| Intervention | 117 | 1.6 (1.2) | 110 | 1.6 (0.7) | −0.15 (1.2) | 82 | 1.9 (0.9) | −0.04 (1.5) | +0.03 (−0.3 to 0.2) 0.77 | +0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) 0.31 |
| Comparison | 110 | 1.8 (1.5) | 105 | 1.6 (1.1) | −0.01 (1.3) | 92 | 1.8 (0.8) | +0.3 (1.6) | ||
| LDL (mmol/L)‡ | ||||||||||
| Intervention | 117 | 2.9 (1.0) | 110 | 2.9 (0.9) | −0.1 (0.5) | 82 | 2.4 (0.9) | −0.3 (0.9) | −0.04 (−0.3 to 0.2) 0.75 | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.1) 0.14 |
| Comparison | 110 | 3.0 (0.9) | 105 | 2.9 (0.9) | −0.1 (0.9) | 92 | 2.6 (0.9) | −0.7 (1.2) | ||
| TG (mmol/L)‡ | ||||||||||
| Intervention | 117 | 1.4 (0.6) | 110 | 1.4 (0.8) | +0.1 (0.7) | 82 | 1.3 (0.5) | −0.09 (0.3) | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.1) 0.25 | −0.3 (−0.5 to −0.08) 0.006* |
| Comparison | 110 | 1.5 (0.9) | 105 | 1.6 (1.0) | +0.04 (0.8) | 92 | 1.6 (1.0) | +0.05 (0.7) | ||
*Bold format = significant values at P<0.05.
†Significant within-group difference at 12 months from baseline using non-parametric test (Wilcoxon signed-rank test).
‡All target values are based on the Oman diabetes mellitus management guidelines (2015): BMI 18.5–25 kg/m2, HbA1c ≤7%, SBP/DBP <140/<80 mm Hg, cholesterol <5.0 mmol/L, HDL >1.0 mmol/L, LDL <2.6 mmol/L, TG <1.7 mmol/L.
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BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MET, Metabolic Equivalent; PA, physical activity; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides.