Variables | Overall patients | Cluster 1: high insulin resistance and high beta-cell function group | Cluster 2: low insulin resistance and low beta-cell function group | Cluster 3: high insulin resistance and low beta-cell function group | P value |
Individuals (n) Male/Female | 500 313/187 | 126 87/39 | 218 141/77 | 156 85/71 | 0.03 |
Age (years) | |||||
Mean (SD) | 47 (11) | 47 (12) | 46.8 (11.3) | 47 (10) | 0.98 |
Median (IQR) | 47 (40–54) | 46 (39–55) | 46 (38–54) | 47 (40–54) | |
HOMA2-%β | |||||
Mean (SD) | 46 (43.1) | 95 (54.5) | 25.9 (18.3) | 34.6 (21.7) | <0.001 |
Median (IQR) | 34 (16.9–61.5) | 78.3 (60.5–113) | 22.3 (11.9–34.8) | 30 (16.5–48.3) | |
HOMA2-%S | |||||
Mean (SD) | 57.3 (32.8) | 35.4 (13.6) | 81.2 (33.9) | 41.5 (15.9) | <0.001 |
Median (IQR) | 50.5 (34.8–72.3) | 34.3 (25.4–40.7) | 76 (59.8–94.3) | 40.9 (31.2–51.3) | |
HOMA2-IR | |||||
Mean (SD) | 5.3 (3.2) | 7.2 (4.0) | 3.3 (1.3) | 6.5 (3.0) | <0.001 |
Median (IQR) | 4.5 (3.1–6.7) | 6.3 (4.5–8.8) | 3.3 (2.3–4.3) | 6.4 (4.3–7.8) | |
QUICKI | |||||
Mean (SD) | 0.308 (0.024) | 0.295 (0.019) | 0.324 (0.022) | 0.297 (0.018) | <0.001 |
Median (IQR) | 0.306 (0.29–0.323) | 0.294 (0.282–0.306) | 0.319 (0.308–0.337) | 0.293 (0.286–0.311) | |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | |||||
Mean (SD) | 84 (16) | 86 (17) | 85 (15) | 81 (16) | 0.025 |
Median (IQR) | 84 (74–94) | 84 (75–93) | 85 (75–95) | 81 (70–92) | |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | |||||
Mean (SD) | 83 (24) | 68 (19) | 88 (25) | 86 (24) | <0.001 |
Median (IQR) | 80 (62–100) | 63 (53–77) | 86 (68–106) | 84 (69–101) | |
HbA1c (%) | |||||
Mean (SD) | 9.7 (2.2) | 8.3 (1.8) | 10.3 (2.2) | 10 (2.2) | <0.001 |
Median (IQR) | 9.5 (7.8–11.3) | 7.9 (7.0–9.0) | 10 (8.4–12) | 9.8 (8.4–11.4) | |
eAG (mmol/L) | |||||
Mean (SD) | 12.9 (3.6) | 10.7 (2.9) | 13.7 (3.6) | 13.4 (3.4) | <0.001 |
Median (IQR) | 12.5 (9.8–15.4) | 9.8 (8.5–11.9) | 13.3 (10.8–16.4) | 13.0 (10.9–15.6) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
Mean (SD) | 28.2 (4.9) | 30.3 (5.4) | 26.3 (4.1) | 29 (4.7) | <0.001 |
Median (IQR) | 27.5 (24.8–30.5) | 29.6 (26.8–32.3) | 25.6 (23.5–29) | 28.4 (25.6–31.1) | |
WC (cm) | |||||
Mean (SD) | 100 (11) | 105.2 (12.1) | 95.2 (10) | 101.6 (10.2) | <0.001 |
Median (IQR) | 99 (92–106) | 104 (98–110) | 94.5 (88–102) | 100 (95–106.5) | |
LAP (cm.mmol/L) | |||||
Mean (SD) | 73 (41) | 84.8 (41.2) | 59.6 (32.8) | 82.8 (45.7) | <0.001 |
Median (IQR) | 64.5 (42–96) | 79 (52–114.5) | 52 (36–75) | 77 (43–107) | |
SBP (mm Hg) | |||||
Mean (SD) | 130 (18.6) | 132.3 (19.8) | 128 (16.8) | 131.5 (19.7) | 0.072 |
Median (IQR) | 130 (120–140) | 130 (120–140) | 130 (120–140) | 130 (120–140) | |
DBP (mm Hg) | |||||
Mean (SD) | 80 (9.0) | 80.4 (9.0) | 79.4 (8.7) | 80.6 (9.7) | 0.431 |
Median (IQR) | 80 (70–85) | 80 (70–86) | 80 (70–80) | 80 (70–89) | |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | |||||
Mean (SD) | 5.1 (1.2) | 5.1 (1.1) | 5.1 (1.1) | 5.2 (1.3) | 0.589 |
Median (IQR) | 5.0 (4.3–5.7) | 5.0 (4.4–5.8) | 5.0 (4.3–5.6) | 5.0 (4.3–5.7) | |
LDL-cholesterol (mol/L) | |||||
Mean (SD) | 3.1 (1.0) | 3.1 (1.1) | 3.1 (1.0) | 3.1 (1.0) | 0.95 |
Median (IQR) | 3.0 (2.4–3.7) | 3.0 (2.4–3.9) | 3.0 (2.4–3.7) | 3.0 (2.4–3.6) | |
TG (mmol/L) | |||||
Mean (SD) | 2.29 (1.8) | 2.4 (1.7) | 2.1 (1.6) | 2.5 (2.2) | 0.062 |
Median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.2–2.9) | 2.0 (1.4–3.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.2–3.0) | |
TC/HDL | |||||
Mean (SD) | 4.83 (1.5) | 4.9 (1.6) | 4.68 (1.3) | 5.0 (1.7) | 0.105 |
Median (IQR) | 4.6 (3.82–5.5) | 4.65 (3.8–5.5) | 4.5 (3.8–5.5) | 4.6 (4.0–5.8) | |
Non-HDL-C | |||||
Mean (SD) | 4.0 (1.20) | 4.1 (1.1) | 3.96 (1.1) | 4.1 (1.3) | 0.41 |
Median (IQR) | 4.0 (3.3–4.7) | 4.0 (3.3–4.6) | 3.9 (3.2–4.6) | 3.95 (3.3–4.8) |
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eAG, estimated average glucose; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA, Homeostasis Model Assessment; HOMA2-%β, HOMA beta-cell function; HOMA2-%S, HOMA insulin sensitivity; HOMA-IR, HOMA insulin resistance; LAP, lipid accumulation product; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; WC, waist circumference.