Potential risk factors associated with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes by clusters
| Variables | Cluster 1: high insulin resistance and high beta-cell function group | Cluster 2: low insulin resistance and low beta-cell function group | Cluster 3: high insulin resistance and low beta-cell function group | P value |
| Individuals (n) Male/Female | 126 87/39 | 218 141/77 | 156 85/71 | 0.03 |
| Age at diabetes diagnosis (years), n (%) | ||||
| Young (20–35) | 26 (20.6) | 37 (17) | 22 (14) | 0.65 |
| Adult (>35–50) | 55 (43.7) | 108 (49.5) | 84 (54) | |
| Older adults (>50) | 45 (35.7) | 73 (33.5) | 50 (32) | |
| Educational level, n (%) | ||||
| Not literate | 54 (43) | 96 (44) | 76 (49) | 0.65 |
| Low (≤9 years) | 12 (10) | 16 (7) | 11 (7) | |
| Intermediate (10–12 years) | 19 (15) | 34 (16) | 32 (20) | |
| High (college and university) | 41 (32) | 72 (33) | 37 (24) | |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2), n (%) | 56 (44.4) | 42 (19.3) | 58 (37.2) | <0.001 |
| Extreme abdominal adiposity (WC) (cm) ≥102 (male)/≥88 (female), n (%) | 84 (66.7) | 80 (36.7) | 103 (66) | <0.001 |
| LAP >75th percentile (cm.mmol/L), n (%) | 61 (48.4) | 50 (23) | 76 (48.7) | <0.001 |
| TG ≥2.3(mmol/L), n (%) | 41 (32.5) | 45 (20.6) | 54 (34.6) | 0.005 |
| BMI ≥30 + TG ≥2.3, n (%) | 14 (11.1) | 10 (4.6) | 20 (12.8) | 0.012 |
| Metabolic syndrome, n (%) | 95 (75.4) | 120 (55) | 114 (73) | <0.001 |
| NAFLD, n (%) | 110 (87.3) | 119 (54.6) | 130 (83.3) | <0.001 |
| Pre-existing hypertension, n (%) | 45 (35.7) | 68 (31.2) | 62 (39.7) | 0.23 |
| Pre-existing ASCVD, n (%) (CHD, stroke, revascularization) | 9 (7.1) | 13 (6.0) | 7 (4.5) | 0.63 |
| History of non-diabetic hyperglycemia (IFG, IGT, GDM), n (%) | 12 (9.5) | 12 (5.5) | 12 (7.7) | 0.37 |
| First-degree family history of diabetes, n (%) | 77 (61) | 106 (48.6) | 89 (57) | 0.23 |
| Currently smoking, n (%) | 27 (21.4) | 67 (30.7) | 47 (30) | 0.15 |
ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseas; BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; LAP, lipid accumulation product; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; TG, serum triglyceride; WC, waist circumference.