Risk of developing T2DM according to insomnia status
| Risk factor | Baseline model (n=79 608) | Model adjusted for baseline A1c (n=45 267) | Model adjusted for baseline FPG (n=50 443) |
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
| Insomnia | 1.28 (1.24 to 1.33) | 1.32 (1.25 to 1.40) | 1.28 (1.23 to 1.33) |
| Baseline age (per 10-year increment) | 1.11 (1.09 to 1.12) | 1.04 (1.02 to 1.07) | 1.08 (1.07 to 1.10) |
| Baseline BMI (vs 25 kg/m2) | |||
| ≥25 to 29.9 | 1.21 (1.13 to 1.28) | 1.14 (1.04 to 1.25) | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.19) |
| ≥30 to 39.9 | 1.89 (1.78 to 2.01) | 1.64 (1.50 to 1.79) | 1.61 (1.51 to 1.73) |
| ≥40 | 3.12 (2.91 to 3.35) | 2.50 (2.25 to 2.77) | 2.45 (2.26 to 2.65) |
| Male sex | 1.02 (0.98 to 1.05) | 1.13 (1.08 to 1.20) | 0.90 (0.86 to 0.93) |
| Race (vs white) | |||
| Asian | 1.85 (1.71 to 2.01) | 1.32 (1.17 to 1.50) | 1.98 (1.81 to 2.17) |
| Black | 1.36 (1.24 to 1.49) | 0.90 (0.79 to 1.04) | 1.66 (1.49 to 1.86) |
| Other | 1.27 (1.20 to 1.35) | 1.14 (1.03 to 1.25) | 1.30 (1.21 to 1.39) |
| Hispanic | 1.11 (1.02 to 1.21) | 1.03 (0.90 to 1.17) | 1.15 (1.04 to 1.27) |
| Smoking status (vs never) | |||
| Current | 1.36 (1.29 to 1.43) | 1.26 (1.17 to 1.37) | 1.29 (1.22 to 1.37) |
| Previous | 1.09 (1.05 to 1.13) | 1.18 (1.12 to 1.25) | 1.05 (1.01 to 1.10) |
| Unknown | 1.06 (0.86 to 1.31) | 1.22 (0.85 to 1.77) | 0.95 (0.75 to 1.20) |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.76 (1.58 to 1.95) | 1.55 (1.31 to 1.82) | 1.69 (1.50 to 1.91) |
| Myocardial infarction | 1.22 (1.03 to 1.44) | 1.48 (1.17 to 1.88) | 1.26 (1.04 to 1.53) |
| Hypertension | 1.27 (1.23 to 1.32) | 1.32 (1.25 to 1.40) | 1.19 (1.14 to 1.24) |
| Low HDL | 1.35 (1.30 to 1.39) | 1.32 (1.25 to 1.39) | 1.29 (1.24 to 1.34) |
| Elevated triglycerides | 1.14 (1.10 to 1.18) | 1.08 (1.02 to 1.14) | 1.19 (1.14 to 1.24) |
| Baseline A1c (per 0.1% or 1 mmo/mol increase) | NA | 1.26 (1.25 to 1.27) | NA |
| Fasting plasma glucose (per 10 mg/dL increase) | NA | NA | 1.65 (1.61 to 1.68) |
BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; NA, not applicable; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.