Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis
Study | Reference | Study design | Description intervention versus control* | Intervention (n) | Control (n) | Level of feeding control† | PUFA dose (En%) | Diabetes | Age (SD) (years) | BMI (SD | Duration (weeks) | Industry funding‡ |
Bhathena e t al, 1989, 1§ | 21 39 | Parallel | PUFA-SFA (low fat) | 16 | 15 | Full | 2.6 | No | 28 (5) | 22.8 | 16 | No |
Bhathena e t al, 1989, 2§ | Parallel | PUFA-SFA (high fat) | 16 | 15 | Full | 5.0 | No | 28 (5) | 22.8 | 16 | No | |
Bjermo e t al, 2012 | 27 | Parallel | PUFA-SFA | 32 | 29 | Partial | 9.5 | No | 57 (10) | 30.8 (3.8) | 10 | No |
Brassard e t al, 2017, 1 | 40 | Crossover¶ | PUFA-SFA (cheese) | 77 | Full | 6.7 | No | 39 (14) | 30.8 (6.1) | 4 | Full | |
Brassard e t al, 2017, 2 | Crossover | PUFA-SFA (butter) | 77 | Full | 6.7 | No | 39 (14) | 30.8 (6.1) | 4 | Full | ||
Brassard e t al, 2017, 3 | Crossover | PUFA-Carbohydrate | 76 | Full | 6.7 | No | 39 (14) | 30.8 (6.1) | 4 | Full | ||
Gillingham e t al, 2011 | 41 | Crossover | Omega-3 PUFA-SFA | 36 | Full | 5.8 | No | 48 (12) | 28.6 (4.6) | 4 | Full | |
Karupaiah e t al, 2016 | 42 | Crossover | PUFA-SFA | 34 | Full | 5.2 | No | 23 (7) | 25.1 (4.7) | 4 | Full | |
Keogh e t al, 2005, 1 | 43 | Crossover¶ | PUFA-Carbohydrate | 40 | Partial | 12.0 | No | 56 (11) | 27.3 (5.1) | 3 | ||
Keogh e t al, 2005, 2 | Crossover | PUFA-SFA | 40 | Partial | 11.0 | No | 56 (11) | 27.3 (5.1) | 3 | |||
Kriketos et al, 2001 | 28 | Parallel | PUFA-SFA | 17 | 19 | Full | 6.3 | No | 47 (9) | 33.5 (3.4) | 10 | No |
Lichtenstein et al, 2003, 1 | 44 | Crossover¶ | PUFA (oil)-SFA | 36 | Full | 10.1 | No | 63 (6) | 27.4 (3) | 5 | No | |
Lichtenstein e t al, 2003, 2 | Crossover | PUFA (margarine)-SFA | 36 | Full | 11.1 | No | 63 (6) | 27.4 (3) | 5 | No | ||
Rosqvist et al, 2014 | 31 | Parallel | PUFA-SFA | 18 | 19 | Partial | 8.4 | No | 27 (4) | 20.5 (2.3) | 7 | No |
Schwab et al, 1997** | 19 | Crossover | PUFA-SFA | 9 | Partial | 13.0 | No | 23 (1) | 21.1 (2) | 3 | No | |
St-Onge et al, 2007, 1** | 20 | Crossover¶ | PUFA-Carbohydrate | 33 | Full | 4.5 | No | 44 (3) | 29.4 (0.9) | 3.6 | Partial | |
St-Onge et al, 2007, 2** | Crossover | PUFA-SFA | 33 | Full | 3.9 | No | 44 (3) | 29.4 (0.9) | 3.6 | Partial | ||
Vafeiadou et al, 2015§ | 22 45 | Parallel | PUFA-SFA | 66 | 65 | Partial | 7.5 | No | 44 (8) | 26.7 (4) | 16 | Partial |
Vega-Lopez e t al, 2006§ | 23 46 | Crossover | PUFA-SFA | 15 | Full | 9.0 | No | 64 (6) | 26 (2.4) | 5 | No |
*PUFA refers to omega-6 PUFA, unless otherwise stated.
†Level of feeding control is defined as: full, providing whole diets; or partial, providing selected (fatty acid rich) foods.
‡Industry funding is defined as: full, industry providing full funding; partial, industry providing part of funding; or no, no industry funding.
§Data not reported in the paper were obtained from other publications about the same trial.
¶n corrected for within trial correlation (see the Methods section).
**Data not reported in the paper were obtained from the authors.
En%, percentage of daily energy; n, number; PUFA, poly-unsaturated fatty acids; SFA, saturated fatty acids.