Demographic and biochemical characteristics between groups (n=54)
| Variable | NGT (n=10) | IGT (n=15) | T2D− (n=12) | T2D+ (n=17) | P value* | Tukey post hoc analysis |
| Age, years | 59 (8) | 57 (5) | 58 (3) | 63 (8) | 0.08 | |
| Male sex | 3 (30%) | 6 (40%) | 3 (25%) | 8 (47%) | 0.65 | |
| Anthropometric measurements | ||||||
| Weight, kg | 84.3 (15) | 91.6 (14) | 91.5 (18) | 85.6 (11) | 0.4 | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.6 (5) | 31.6 (2) | 32 (4) | 30 (5) | 0.3 | |
| Clinic hemodynamic measurements | ||||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 135 (14) | 122 (14) | 133 (20) | 136 (13) | 0.04 | † |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 76 (7) | 69 (8) | 71 (11) | 78 (12) | 0.05 | |
| Heart rate, beats per minute | 64 (7) | 63 (9) | 60 (10) | 74 (12) | 0.002 | †, ‡ |
| Fasting lipid profile, mmol/L | ||||||
| Total cholesterol | 5.9 (1) | 5.3 (0.9) | 5.6 (0.7) | 4.2 (1) | 0.0001 | ††, ‡, § |
| High-density lipoprotein | 1.5 (0.3) | 2.5 (1) | 1.9 (1) | 1.3 (0.3) | 0.001 | †, ¶ |
| Low-density lipoprotein | 3.8 (0.9) | 2.1 (1) | 2.9 (1.5) | 2.2 (1) | 0.002 | §, ¶ |
| Triglyceride | 1.4 (0.5) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.7 (0.7) | 1.7 (0.9) | 0.6 | |
| Fasting serum glucose mmol/L | 5.0 (0.5) | 5.4 (0.5) | 5.98 (1.6) | 6.9 (1.9) | 0.02 | † |
| HbA1c %(mmol/mol) | 7.2 (55) (1.72) | |||||
| CRP, mg/ L | 2.1 (1.6) | 2.3 (1.8) | 2.8 (1.6) | 1.9 (1) | 0.4 | |
| 24 hours urine biochemistry excretion | ||||||
| Sodium, mmol/24 hours (range) | 111 (20) (71–148) | 122 (23) (73–150) | 98 (27) (50–133) | 110 (26) (36–145) | 0.1 | |
| Potassium, mmol/24 hours (range) | 70 (21) (36–98.5) | 87 (24) (49–144) | 74 (21) (48–118) | 72 (30) (35–134) | 0.3 | |
Data is expressed as mean (SD) or number (percentage) as indicated.
The following symbols indicate Tukey post hoc significance: (†) IGT versus T2D+; (‡) T2D− versus T2D+; (§) NGT versus T2D+; (¶) NGT versus IGT; (**) NGT versus T2D−; (††) IGT versus T2D−
*The p values are derived from one-way analysis of variance. Bold values indicate statistical significance.
BEI, baroreflex effectiveness index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; MSNA, muscle sympathetic nerve activity; PAT, pulse amplitude tonometry; RHI, Reactive Hyperemic Index; T2D−, treatment naive type 2 diabetes; T2D+, treated type 2 diabetes.