Total energy expenditure, basal metabolic rate, and physical activity level in the non-DM and DM groups
| Non-DM (n=15) Mean (95% CI) | DM (n=52) Mean (95% CI) | Mean difference (95% CI) | P value | |
| Total energy expenditure (kcal/kg/day) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 37.8 (34.9 to 40.7) | 36.4 (34.8 to 37.9) | −1.4 (−4.7 to 1.8) | 0.386 |
| Model 1 (adjusted for sex and age) | 37.5 (34.6 to 40.3) | 36.5 (35.0 to 38.0) | −1.0 (−4.2 to 2.3) | 0.546 |
| Model 2 (model 1+ fat-free mass) | 37.2 (34.3 to 40.0) | 36.6 (35.1 to 38.1) | −0.6 (−3.8 to 2.7) | 0.717 |
| Model 3 (model 2 + fat mass) | 37.5 (35.2 to 39.9) | 36.5 (35.2 to 37.7) | −1.1 (−3.8 to 1.6) | 0.425 |
| Model 4 (model 3 + METs) | 37.6 (35.2 to 40.0) | 36.5 (35.2 to 37.7) | −1.1 (−3.9 to 1.6) | 0.415 |
| Total energy expenditure (kcal/kg IBW/day) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 38.9 (36.2 to 41.6) | 38.1 (36.7 to 39.5) | −0.8 (−3.8 to 2.3) | 0.606 |
| Model 1 (adjusted for sex and age) | 39.0 (36.3 to 41.7) | 38.1 (36.6 to 39.5) | −0.9 (−4.1 to 2.2) | 0.56 |
| Model 2 (model 1+ fat-free mass) | 39.4 (36.7 to 42.0) | 38.0 (36.6 to 39.4) | −1.4 (−4.5 to 1.7) | 0.717 |
| Model 3 (model 2 + fat mass) | 39.4 (36.6 to 42.1) | 38.0 (36.6 to 39.4) | −1.4 (−4.5 to 1.7) | 0.371 |
| Model 4 (model 3 + METs) | 39.3 (36.6 to 42.1) | 38.0 (36.5 to 39.4) | −1.4 (−4.5 to 1.8) | 0.396 |
| Total energy expenditure (kcal/day) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 2168 (1971 to 2366) | 2159 (2053 to 2264) | −10 (−234 to 214) | 0.930 |
| Model 1 (adjusted for sex and age) | 2181 (2030 to 2333) | 2155 (2075 to 2234) | −27 (−200 to 146) | 0.758 |
| Model 2 (model 1+ fat-free mass) | 2220 (2087 to 2353) | 2144 (2074 to 2213) | −76 (−228 to 76) | 0.323 |
| Model 3 (model 2 + fat mass) | 2221 (2087 to 2355) | 2143 (2073 to 2214) | −77 (−231 to 77) | 0.319 |
| Model 4 (model 3 + METs) | 2222 (2086 to 2358) | 2143 (2072 to 2214) | −79 (−235 to 78) | 0.319 |
| Basal metabolic rate (kcal/day) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 1194 (1111 to 1276) | 1260 (1215 to 1304) | 66 (−28 to 160) | 0.165 |
| Model 1 (adjusted for sex and age) | 1202 (1143 to 1260) | 1257 (1226 to 1288) | 55 (−12 to 122) | 0.104 |
| Model 2 (model 1+ fat-free mass) | 1222 (1179 to 1265) | 1251 (1229 to 1274) | 29 (−20 to 78) | 0.245 |
| Model 3 (model 2 + fat mass) | 1220 (1178 to 1261) | 1252 (1230 to 1274) | 33 (−15 to 80) | 0.180 |
| Physical activity level | ||||
| Unadjusted | 1.81 (1.72 to 1.90) | 1.71 (1.66 to 1.76) | −0.10 (−0.21 to 0.00) | 0.059 |
| Model 1 (adjusted for sex and age) | 1.81 (1.72 to 1.90) | 1.71 (1.66 to 1.76) | −0.10 (−0.21 to 0.01) | 0.069 |
| Model 2 (model 1+ METs) | 1.81 (1.72 to 1.91) | 1.71 (1.66 to 1.76) | −0.10 (−0.21 to 0.01) | 0.068 |
DM, diabetes mellitus;METs, metabolic equivalents;IBW, ideal body weight.