Characteristics of study participants
| Non-DM (n=15) | DM (n=52) | P value | |
| Male sex | 6 (40.0) | 28 (53.8) | 0.392 |
| Age, years | 67.1±4.7 | 70.2±5.1 | 0.039 |
| Height, cm | 158.9±9.8 | 160.2±8.5 | 0.614 |
| Body weight, kg | 57.5±8.1 | 59.7±8.8 | 0.368 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.7±2.1 | 23.3±3.0 | 0.490 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 86.7±7.2 | 84.6±8.4 | 0.379 |
| Fat-free mass, kg | 42.2±7.9 | 44.8±7.2 | 0.236 |
| Fat mass, kg | 15.2±4.3 | 15.0±4.9 | 0.836 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.5±0.3 | 6.9±0.8 | <0.001 |
| Glycoalbumin, % | 13.9±0.9 | 18.6±3.6 | <0.001 |
| 1,5-AG, µg/mL | 19.2±6.0 | 12.3±7.1 | 0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 94.6±5.9 | 127.2±31.0 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 215.1±27.7 | 191.3±30.2 | 0.008 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 66.9±19.4 | 64.2±15.4 | 0.566 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 122.1±19.8 | 106.0±24.4 | 0.023 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 119.0 (59.0–198.0) | 87.5 (71.0–133.5) | 0.685 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 15.4±4.4 | 16.2±3.4 | 0.461 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.75±0.11 | 0.77±0.18 | 0.661 |
| Average METs | 1.42±0.14 | 1.39±0.15 | 0.490 |
| Anti-DM medication | |||
| Insulin | – | 18 (34.6) | – |
| Oral antidiabetic drugs | – | 20 (38.5) | – |
| Diet and exercise | – | 14 (26.9) | – |
Data are presented as n (%), mean±SD, or median (IQR).
1,5-AG, 1,5-anhydroglucitol;DM, diabetes mellitus;HDL, high-density lipoprotein;HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin;LDL, low-density lipoprotein;METs, metabolic equivalents.