Baseline characteristics (imputed data) of all 121 914 new users of lipid-lowering medications with type 2 diabetes mellitus and by prevention type
| Total population, n=121 914 | Primary prevention, n=107 587 | Secondary prevention, n=14 327 | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Demographic and socioeconomic status | ||||
| Sex | Male | 68 828 (56.5) | 60 043 (55.8) | 8785 (61.3) |
| Age (years) | 18–40 | 3230 (2.7) | 3187 (3.0) | 43 (0.3) |
| 41–60 | 42 954 (35.2) | 40 466 (37.7) | 2388 (16.7) | |
| 61–80 | 68 893 (56.5) | 59 406 (55.2) | 9487 (66.2) | |
| >80 | 6837 (5.6) | 4428 (4.1) | 2409 (16.8) | |
| Mean (SD) | 63.3 (11.2) | 62.4 (11.1) | 70.3 (10.2) | |
| Median (IQR) | 64.0 (15.0) | 63.0 (15.0) | 71.0 (14.0) | |
| Country of birth | Sweden | 96 174 (78.9) | 84 645 (78.7) | 11 529 (80.5) |
| Other Nordic country | 6761 (5.6) | 5786 (5.4) | 975 (6.8) | |
| Other European Union-15* country | 2097 (1.7) | 1827 (1.7) | 270 (1.9) | |
| Other European country/Soviet Union | 5874 (4.8) | 5143 (4.8) | 731 (5.1) | |
| Africa | 1850 (1.5) | 1748 (1.6) | 102 (0.7) | |
| The Americas | 1285 (1.1) | 1171 (1.1) | 114 (0.8) | |
| Asia/Oceania | 7715 (6.3) | 7120 (6.6) | 595 (4.2) | |
| Unknown | 158 (0.1) | 147 (0.1) | 11 (0.1) | |
| Marital status | Unmarried | 20 024 (16.4) | 18 398 (17.1) | 1626 (11.4) |
| Married/Registered partner | 66 760 (54.8) | 59 306 (55.1) | 7454 (52.0) | |
| Divorced | 22 258 (18.3) | 19 502 (18.1) | 2756 (19.2) | |
| Widow/Widower | 12 872 (10.6) | 10 381 (9.7) | 2491 (17.4) | |
| Education level | Compulsory school or lower | 46 718 (38.3) | 39 773 (37.0) | 6945 (48.5) |
| Upper secondary school | 53 717 (44.1) | 48 222 (44.8) | 5495 (38.4) | |
| Postsecondary | 21 479 (17.6) | 19 592 (18.2) | 1887 (13.2) | |
| Employment status | Unemployed | 17 661 (14.5) | 15 990 (14.9) | 1671 (11.7) |
| Employed | 59 290 (48.6) | 55 232 (51.3) | 4058 (28.3) | |
| Retired† | 44 963 (36.9) | 36 365 (33.8) | 8598 (60.0) | |
| Profession | Upper white-collar | 32 535 (26.7) | 29 145 (27.1) | 3390 (23.7) |
| Lower white-collar | 10 232 (8.4) | 9207 (8.6) | 1025 (7.2) | |
| Blue-collar | 75 708 (62.1) | 66 308 (61.6) | 9400 (65.6) | |
| Others | 3439 (2.8) | 2927 (2.7) | 512 (3.6) | |
| Income (thousand Swedish krona) | Per household member, mean (SD) | 214.3 (429.2) | 216.9 (422.0) | 195.3 (478.8) |
| Per household member, median (IQR) | 180.0 (117.0) | 185.0 (120.0) | 156.5 (84.9) | |
| Concurrent medications | ||||
| Diabetes medications | Any | 80 889 (66.4) | 72 126 (67.0) | 8763 (61.2) |
| Anticoagulants | Any | 48 138 (39.5) | 35 387 (32.9) | 12 751 (89.0) |
| Antihypertensives | Any | 90 160 (74.0) | 76 996 (71.6) | 12 164 (91.9) |
| Clinical and health-related characteristics | ||||
| Diabetes duration (years) | Mean (SD) | 5.0 (6.4) | 4.8 (6.1) | 6.5 (7.7) |
| Median (IQR) | 3.0 (8.0) | 2.2 (7.0) | 4.0 (10.0) | |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol (%) | <42 (<5) | 9706 (8.0) | 8754 (8.1) | 952 (6.6) |
| 42–52 (5–6) | 61 162 (50.2) | 53 525 (49.8) | 7637 (53.3) | |
| >52 (>6) | 51 046 (41.9) | 45 308 (42.1) | 5738 (40.1) | |
| Mean (SD) | 53.0 (12.0) | 53.1 (12.1) | 52.4 (10.9) | |
| Median (IQR) | 50.0 (12.6) | 50.0 (12.8) | 50.0 (12.0) | |
| eGFR | <60 | 9606 (7.9) | 7521 (7.0) | 2085 (14.6) |
| (mL/min/1.73 m†) | ≥60 | 112 308 (92.1) | 100 066 (93.0) | 12 242 (85.5) |
| Mean (SD) | 85.3 (20.3) | 86.3 (20.2) | 77.5 (18.9) | |
| Median (IQR) | 84.3 (22.6) | 85.3 (22.4) | 77.4 (21.1) | |
| BMI | <18.5 | 173 (0.1) | 155 (0.1) | 18 (0.1) |
| (kg/m†) | 18.5–24.9 | 10 015 (8.2) | 8795 (8.2) | 1220 (8.5) |
| 25.0–29.9 | 52 074 (42.7) | 45 169 (42.0) | 6905 (48.2) | |
| ≥30.0 | 59 652 (48.9) | 53 468 (49.7) | 6184 (43.2) | |
| Mean (SD) | 30.3 (4.5) | 30.4 (4.5) | 29.8 (4.2) | |
| Median (IQR) | 29.9 (4.8) | 30.0 (4.9) | 29.5 (4.2) | |
| Systolic pressure (mm Hg) | <130 | 27 429 (22.5) | 25 080 (46.3) | 2349 (16.4) |
| ≥130 | 94 485 (77.5) | 57 826 (53.8) | 11 978 (83.6) | |
| Mean (SD) | 137.6 (13.7) | 137.4 (13.7) | 139.5 (13.7) | |
| Median (IQR) | 137.3 (14.2) | 136.8 (14.0) | 139.9 (13.4) | |
| Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) | <80 | 58 138 (47.7) | 49 761 (46.3) | 8377 (58.5) |
| ≥80 | 63 776 (52.3) | 57 826 (53.8) | 5950 (41.5) | |
| Mean (SD) | 79.1 (8.0) | 79.3 (8.0) | 77.4 (7.8) | |
| Median (IQR) | 80.0 (8.0) | 80.0 (8.5) | 78.2 (7.2) | |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | <2.5 | 11 556 (9.5) | 9937 (9.2) | 1619 (11.3) |
| ≥2.5 | 110 358 (90.5) | 97 650 (90.8) | 12 708 (88.7) | |
| Mean (SD) | 3.4 (0.7) | 3.4 (0.7) | 3.2 (0.7) | |
| Median (IQR) | 3.4 (0.7) | 3.4 (0.7) | 3.3 (0.7) | |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | <1.0 (men)/<1.3 (women) | 30 489 (25.0) | 27 425 (25.5) | 3064 (21.4) |
| ≥1.0 (men)/≥1.3 (women) | 91 425 (75.0) | 80 162 (74.5) | 11 263 (78.6) | |
| Mean (SD), men/women | 1.2 (0.3)/1.4 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3)/1.4 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.2)/1.4 (0.3) | |
| Median (IQR), men/women | 1.2 (0.3)/1.3 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3)/1.4 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3)/1.4 (0.3) | |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | <2.0 | 73 909 (60.6) | 64 400 (59.9) | 9509 (66.4) |
| ≥2.0 | 48 005 (39.4) | 43 187 (40.1) | 4818 (33.6) | |
| Mean (SD) | 2.0 (0.7) | 2.0 (1.1) | 1.9 (0.9) | |
| Median (IQR) | 1.8 (0.9) | 1.8 (0.9) | 1.7 (0.7) | |
| Microalbuminuria | Yes | 10 693 (8.8) | 9138 (8.5) | 1555 (10.9) |
| Macroalbuminuria | Yes | 3890 (3.2) | 3222 (3.0) | 668 (4.7) |
| Kidney disease | Yes | 1859 (1.5) | 1412 (1.3) | 447 (3.1) |
| Cancer diagnosis | Yes | 4521 (3.7) | 3817 (3.6) | 704 (4.9) |
| Physical activity‡ | Less than once per week | 21 201 (17.4) | 18 071 (16.8) | 3130 (21.9) |
| 1–2 times/week | 23 635 (19.4) | 21 017 (19.5) | 2618 (18.3) | |
| 3–5 times/week | 29 670 (24.3) | 26 803 (24.9) | 2867 (20.0) | |
| Daily | 47 408 (38.9) | 41 696 (38.8) | 5712 (39.9) | |
| Smoking§ | Yes | 13 718 (11.3) | 12 581 (11.7) | 1137 (7.9) |
*Includes Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Finland, Sweden and Great Britain.
†If age 65 years or older and unemployed.
‡30 min walk or equivalent.
§At least one cigarette or pipe daily or quit smoking within 3 months.
BMI, body mass index;HDL, high-density lipoprotein;HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c;LDL, low-density lipoprotein;eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.