Primary prevention, n=107 587 | Secondary prevention, n=14 327 | |||||
CV events | All-cause mortality | CV mortality | CV events | All-cause mortality | CV mortality | |
HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
Sex, ref=female | ||||||
Male | 1.54 (1.48 to 1.60) | 1.43 (1.37 to 1.49) | 1.62 (1.50 to 1.75) | 1.35 (1.28 to 1.42) | 1.48 (1.38 to 1.59) | 1.62 (1.46 to 1.80) |
Age (years), ref=61–80 | ||||||
18–60 | 0.61 (0.58 to 0.65) | 0.45 (0.42 to 0.49) | 0.45 (0.38 to 0.52) | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.05) | 0.50 (0.41 to 0.61) | 0.48 (0.36 to 0.65) |
>80 | 1.46 (1.39 to 1.54) | 2.19 (2.09 to 2.29) | 2.32 (2.13 to 2.52) | 1.35 (1.27 to 1.43) | 2.13 (1.99 to 2.29) | 2.35 (2.12 to 2.61) |
Country of birth, ref=Sweden | ||||||
Other Nordic country | 1.18 (1.11 to 1.27) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.10) | 1.10 (0.96 to 1.25) | 1.14 (1.04 to 1.25) | 0.99 (0.88 to 1.12) | 1.06 (0.89 to 1.26) |
Other European Union-15* country | 0.89 (0.78 to 1.01) | 0.82 (0.72 to 0.94) | 0.77 (0.59 to 1.01) | 1.18 (1.00 to 1.39) | 1.07 (0.87 to 1.32) | 1.22 (0.91 to 1.63) |
Other European country/Soviet Union | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.20) | 0.89 (0.81 to 0.97) | 0.86 (0.72 to 1.03) | 1.08 (0.97 to 1.21) | 0.86 (0.74 to 1.00) | 0.84 (0.67 to 1.05) |
Africa | 0.68 (0.57 to 0.81) | 0.47 (0.37 to 0.61) | 0.41 (0.24 to 0.69) | 0.97 (0.72 to 1.30) | 0.92 (0.59 to 1.43) | 1.02 (0.54 to 1.90) |
The Americas | 0.84 (0.69 to 1.01) | 0.64 (0.51 to 0.81) | 0.64 (0.41 to 1.00) | 0.70 (0.52 to 0.96) | 0.88 (0.60 to 1.30) | 0.73 (0.39 to 1.37) |
Asia/Oceania | 1.15 (1.07 to 1.25) | 0.48 (0.43 to 0.54) | 0.63 (0.51 to 0.77) | 1.15 (1.02 to 1.30) | 0.71 (0.58 to 0.87) | 0.74 (0.55 to 1.00) |
Unknown | 1.38 (0.91 to 2.11) | 0.82 (0.44 to 1.54) | 0.89 (0.29 to 2.79) | 1.47 (0.70 to 3.10) | NA | NA |
Marital status, ref=married | ||||||
Unmarried | 0.87 (0.83 to 0.92) | 1.18 (1.12 to 1.25) | 1.41 (1.27 to 1.57) | 0.89 (0.82 to 0.97) | 1.26 (1.13 to 1.40) | 1.46 (1.26 to 1.69) |
Divorced | 1.04 (0.99 to 1.09) | 1.11 (1.05 to 1.17) | 1.17 (1.06 to 1.30) | 1.01 (0.95 to 1.08) | 1.05 (0.96 to 1.14) | 1.06 (0.93 to 1.21) |
Widow(er) | 1.14 (1.09 to 1.20) | 1.20 (1.14 to 1.26) | 1.38 (1.25 to 1.51) | 1.06 (0.99 to 1.13) | 1.20 (1.11 to 1.29) | 1.19 (1.06 to 1.33) |
Education level, ref=mandatory school | ||||||
Upper secondary school | 0.95 (0.91 to 0.98) | 0.93 (0.89 to 0.96) | 0.91 (0.84 to 0.98) | 0.98 (0.93 to 1.03) | 0.91 (0.85 to 0.97) | 0.89 (0.81 to 0.98) |
Postsecondary education | 0.92 (0.87 to 0.98) | 0.86 (0.80 to 0.92) | 0.81 (0.71 to 0.92) | 0.98 (0.90 to 1.07) | 0.93 (0.83 to 1.04) | 0.86 (0.73 to 1.02) |
Employment status, ref=employed | ||||||
Unemployed | 1.15 (1.08 to 1.23) | 1.46 (1.34 to 1.59) | 1.42 (1.21 to 1.67) | 1.05 (0.95 to 1.17) | 1.26 (1.06 to 1.51) | 1.12 (0.86 to 1.45) |
Retired† | 1.30 (1.24 to 1.37) | 1.93 (1.82 to 2.04) | 1.93 (1.72 to 2.16) | 1.18 (1.10 to 1.27) | 1.62 (1.45 to 1.81) | 1.43 (1.23 to 1.68) |
Profession, ref=upper white-collar | ||||||
Lower white-collar | 1.00 (0.94 to 1.07) | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.07) | 1.04 (0.91 to 1.18) | 1.01 (0.92 to 1.11) | 1.03 (0.92 to 1.15) | 1.07 (0.91 to 1.26) |
Blue-collar | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.06) | 0.99 (0.94 to 1.04) | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.12) | 1.00 (0.94 to 1.07) | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.11) | 0.99 (0.88 to 1.12) |
Others | 1.05 (0.96 to 1.14) | 1.14 (1.05 to 1.25) | 0.98 (0.82 to 1.16) | 1.00 (0.90 to 1.12) | 1.18 (1.03 to 1.34) | 1.13 (0.93 to 1.36) |
Income per household member, ref=quartile 4 | ||||||
Quartile 1 | 1.35 (1.27 to 1.44) | 1.45 (1.35 to 1.56) | 1.76 (1.54 to 2.02) | 1.20 (1.11 to 1.30) | 1.17 (1.05 to 1.30) | 1.30 (1.11 to 1.53) |
Quartile 2 | 1.25 (1.18 to 1.33) | 1.34 (1.26 to 1.43) | 1.44 (1.26 to 1.64) | 1.13 (1.05 to 1.22) | 1.15 (1.04 to 1.27) | 1.23 (1.06 to 1.43) |
Quartile 3 | 1.09 (1.03 to 1.16) | 1.19 (1.11 to 1.27) | 1.21 (1.05 to 1.38) | 1.09 (1.01 to 1.17) | 1.08 (0.98 to 1.19) | 1.07 (0.92 to 1.24) |
Diabetes medication, ref=yes | ||||||
No | 1.12 (1.07 to 1.16) | 1.09 (1.04 to 1.14) | 1.09 (1.01 to 1.19) | 1.09 (1.03 to 1.15) | 1.03 (0.96 to 1.10) | 1.07 (0.97 to 1.19) |
Anticoagulants, ref=yes | ||||||
No | 0.61 (0.59 to 0.64) | 0.75 (0.73 to 0.78) | 0.58 (0.54 to 0.63) | 0.78 (0.73 to 0.83) | 0.96 (0.89 to 1.03) | 0.77 (0.68 to 0.86) |
Antihypertensives, ref=yes | ||||||
No | 0.87 (0.83 to 0.91) | 0.93 (0.89 to 0.98) | 0.85 (0.77 to 0.93) | 0.93 (0.86 to 1.00) | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.13) | 0.98 (0.85 to 1.13) |
Kidney disease, ref=no | ||||||
Yes | 1.23 (1.13 to 1.34) | 2.08 (1.96 to 2.21) | 1.93 (1.72 to 2.16) | 0.97 (0.84 to 1.11) | 1.92 (1.75 to 2.11) | 1.67 (1.46 to 1.92) |
Cancer diagnosis‡, ref=no | ||||||
Yes | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.11) | 1.87 (1.76 to 2.00) | 1.12 (0.96 to 1.30) | 1.09 (0.98 to 1.21) | 1.38 (1.23 to 1.55) | 1.08 (0.90 to 1.30) |
Diabetes duration | ||||||
Per year | 1.01 (1.01 to 1.02) | 1.01 (1.01 to 1.01) | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.02) | 1.01 (1.01 to 1.02) | 1.01 (1.01 to 1.02) | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.02) |
HbA1c (mmol/mol), ref=below 42 | ||||||
42–52 | 1.09 (1.03 to 1.15) | 0.93 (0.88 to 0.99) | 0.99 (0.88 to 1.12) | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.10) | 0.91 (0.82 to 1.01) | 1.00 (0.86 to 1.17) |
>52 | 1.29 (1.21 to 1.37) | 1.10 (1.04 to 1.17) | 1.27 (1.12 to 1.43) | 1.21 (1.11 to 1.31) | 1.10 (0.99 to 1.22) | 1.25 (1.07 to 1.47) |
eGFR, ref=60 or more | ||||||
<60 m | 1.19 (1.13 to 1.24) | 1.22 (1.17 to 1.28) | 1.31 (1.21 to 1.42) | 1.16 (1.10 to 1.23) | 1.33 (1.25 to 1.42) | 1.42 (1.29 to 1.56) |
Cholesterol levels, ref=LDL <2.5, HDL <1.0 (men)/1.3 (women), triglycerides <2.0 | ||||||
LDL ≥2.5 | 1.22 (1.17 to 1.26) | 0.93 (0.90 to 0.97) | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.13) | 1.08 (1.03 to 1.14) | 1.02 (0.96 to 1.08) | 1.14 (1.04 to 1.24) |
HDL ≥1.0 (men)/1.3 (women) | 0.91 (0.88 to 0.95) | 0.96 (0.92 to 1.00) | 0.97 (0.90 to 1.05) | 0.94 (0.89 to 0.99) | 0.88 (0.83 to 0.94) | 0.88 (0.80 to 0.97) |
Triglycerides ≥2.0 | 1.09 (1.05 to 1.13) | 1.00 (0.96 to 1.04) | 1.07 (0.99 to 1.15) | 1.03 (0.97 to 1.08) | 0.91 (0.85 to 0.97) | 0.97 (0.88 to 1.07) |
BMI, ref=<25 | ||||||
25–29 | 1.00 (0.95 to 1.05) | 0.72 (0.69 to 0.75) | 0.78 (0.71 to 0.85) | 1.02 (0.96 to 1.09) | 0.79 (0.73 to 0.85) | 0.80 (0.71 to 0.89) |
≥30 | 0.93 (0.89 to 0.98) | 0.67 (0.64 to 0.70) | 0.74 (0.68 to 0.82) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.10) | 0.70 (0.65 to 0.76) | 0.72 (0.64 to 0.82) |
Blood pressure (mm Hg), ref=systolic <130, diastolic <80 | ||||||
Systolic ≥130 | 1.14 (1.10 to 1.19) | 0.84 (0.81 to 0.88) | 0.93 (0.86 to 1.01) | 0.96 (0.91 to 1.01) | 0.81 (0.76 to 0.86) | 0.80 (0.73 to 0.88) |
Diastolic ≥80 | 0.97 (0.94 to 1.01) | 0.93 (0.90 to 0.97) | 0.92 (0.85 to 0.98) | 0.97 (0.92 to 1.02) | 0.96 (0.90 to 1.02) | 0.97 (0.88 to 1.06) |
Microalbuminuria, ref=no | ||||||
Yes | 1.16 (1.11 to 1.21) | 1.26 (1.21 to 1.31) | 1.32 (1.22 to 1.42) | 1.08 (1.02 to 1.14) | 1.19 (1.12 to 1.27) | 1.19 (1.08 to 1.31) |
Macroalbuminuria, ref=no | ||||||
Yes | 1.28 (1.21 to 1.36) | 1.40 (1.32 to 1.48) | 1.56 (1.42 to 1.72) | 1.16 (1.07 to 1.25) | 1.38 (1.27 to 1.50) | 1.38 (1.23 to 1.56) |
Physical activity§, ref=daily | ||||||
<1 time per week | 1.25 (1.20 to 1.31) | 1.79 (1.71 to 1.88) | 1.85 (1.69 to 2.03) | 1.17 (1.10 to 1.25) | 1.72 (1.59 to 1.87) | 1.74 (1.55 to 1.96) |
1–2 times per week | 1.10 (1.05 to 1.15) | 1.26 (1.20 to 1.33) | 1.30 (1.17 to 1.44) | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.12) | 1.18 (1.07 to 1.29) | 1.19 (1.04 to 1.38) |
3–5 times per week | 0.99 (0.94 to 1.03) | 1.04 (0.98 to 1.10) | 0.98 (0.88 to 1.10) | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.07) | 1.05 (0.94 to 1.16) | 1.04 (0.89 to 1.21) |
Smoking¶, ref=no | ||||||
Yes | 1.16 (1.11 to 1.22) | 1.38 (1.31 to 1.44) | 1.38 (1.26 to 1.51) | 1.07 (1.00 to 1.14) | 1.17 (1.07 to 1.28) | 1.23 (1.08 to 1.41) |
Adjusted HR (with 95% CI) for any CV events, all-cause mortality and CV mortality for patient characteristics among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by prevention type.
*Includes Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Finland, Sweden and Great Britain.
†If age 65 years or older and unemployed.
‡Within 5 years prior to baseline.
§30 min walk or equivalent.
¶At least one cigarette or pipe per day or quit smoking within 3 months.
BMI, body mass index;CV, cardiovascular;HDL, high-density lipoprotein;HR, hazard ratio;HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c;IQR, interquartile range;LDL, low-density lipoprotein;NA, not applicable;SD, standard deviation;TSEK, thousand Swedish Krona; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ref, reference.