Characteristics of study participants
| Characteristic | All participants | GDM | Normal controls |
| n | 1368 | 81 | 1287 |
| Age (year) | 22.08±5.24 | 26.01±6.05 | 21.90±5.03* |
| Pre-pregnant BMI (kg/m2) | 25.73±6.22 | 30.08±6.42 | 25.37±6.21* |
| Obesity | 250 (18.27) | 35 (43.21) | 215 (17.92)* |
| Gestational age at blood sampling (weeks) | 15.79±5.24 | 16.74±5.19 | 15.72±5.21 |
| Nulliparas | 516 (37.72) | 29 (35.80) | 487 (37.83) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Hispanic | 656 (47.66) | 47 (58.02) | 609 (47.37) |
| African-American | 490 (35.81) | 14 (17.28) | 476 (36.98) |
| Caucasian and other | 222 (16.22) | 20 (24.69) | 202 (15.67)† |
| Cigarette smoking | 260 (19.00) | 17 (20.99) | 243 (18.89) |
| Plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 4.39±0.02 | 4.98±0.09 | 4.34±0.02* |
| Serum insulin (pmol/L) | 129.73±2.43 | 161.82±9.79 | 127.79±2.78† |
| Plasma C-peptide (nmol/L) | 0.74±0.02 | 1.20±0.06 | 0.71±0.02* |
| HOMA-IR | 3.75±0.08 | 4.99±0.32 | 3.67±0.08* |
Data are mean±SD for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables.
Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide and HOMA-IR (means±SE) were adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnant BMI, and gestational age at blood sampling.
*P<0.0001 versus GDM.
†P<0.001 versus GDM.
.BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.