Participant baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | HIGH | MOD | LOW | CONTROL | Total |
| n=71 | n=65 | n=74 | n=77 | n=287 | |
| Sex, n (%) | |||||
| Men | 22 (31.0) | 14 (21.5) | 14 (18.9) | 15 (19.5) | 65 (22.6) |
| Women | 49 (69.0) | 51 (78.5) | 60 (81.1) | 62 (80.5) | 222 (77.4) |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 55.2 (11.1) | 54.1 (9.9) | 53.9 (11.6) | 53.3 (9.0) | 54.1 (10.5) |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 36.4 (4.0) | 36.3 (4.0) | 36.0 (4.0) | 36.4 (3.9) | 36.3 (3.9) |
| Body weight (kg), mean (SD) | 100.1 (0.8) | 100.3 (0.8) | 100.3 (0.6) | 101.5 (0.4) | 100.7 (0.6) |
| HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 5.9 (0.2) | 5.9 (0.2) | 5.9 (0.2) | 5.9 (0.2) | 5.9 (0.2) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol), mean (SD) | 41.4 (2.2) | 41.3 (2.2) | 41.0 (2.2) | 41.4 (2.2) | 41.0 (2.2) |
| Fasting glucose/mmol/L, mean (SD) | 5.3 (0.5) | 5.3 (0.5) | 5.2 (0.5) | 5.4 (0.5) | 5.3 (0.5) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 3 (4.2) | 3 (4.6) | 2 (2.7) | 3 (3.9) | 11 (3.8) |
| Race, n (%) | |||||
| White | 57 (80.3) | 58 (89.2) | 58 (78.4) | 60 (77.9) | 233 (81.2) |
| African-American/Black | 10 (14.1) | 6 (9.2) | 14 (18.9) | 15 (19.5) | 45 (15.7) |
| Other/multiple | 4 (5.6) | 1 (1.6) | 2 (2.7) | 2 (2.6) | 9 (3.1) |
| Highest level of education, n (%) | |||||
| Less than high school | 2 (2.8) | 3 (4.6) | 2 (2.7) | 2 (2.5) | 9 (3.1) |
| High school/GED only | 12 (16.9) | 12 (18.5) | 14 (18.9) | 14 (18.2) | 52 (18.2) |
| Vocational or trade school | 10 (14.1) | 11 (16.9) | 12 (16.2) | 9 (11.7) | 42 (14.6) |
| Some college or professional school | 23 (32.4) | 20 (30.8) | 19 (25.7) | 26 (33.7) | 88 (30.7) |
| Associate’s degree | 6 (8.5) | 9 (13.8) | 9 (12.2) | 9 (11.7) | 33 (11.5) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 13 (18.3) | 4 (6.2) | 11 (14.8) | 8 (10.4) | 36 (12.5) |
| Advanced degree | 5 (7.0) | 6 (9.2) | 7 (9.5) | 7 (9.1) | 25 (8.7) |
| No response | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.5) | 2 (0.7) |
| Total annual family income, n (%) | |||||
| Less than $10 000 | 4 (5.6) | 3 (4.6) | 1 (1.4) | 3 (3.9) | 11 (3.8) |
| $10 000–$19 000 | 1 (1.4) | 5 (7.7) | 5 (6.8) | 11 (14.3) | 22 (7.7) |
| $20 000–$34 999 | 7 (9.9) | 7 (10.8) | 18 (23.4) | 15 (19.5) | 47 (16.4) |
| $35 000–$49 999 | 16 (22.5) | 15 (23.1) | 8 (10.8) | 9 (11.7) | 48 (16.7) |
| $50 000–$74 000 | 20 (28.2) | 15 (23.1) | 20 (27.0) | 17 (22.1) | 72 (25.1) |
| $75 000–$99 999 | 8 (11.3) | 5 (7.7) | 9 (12.2) | 12 (15.6) | 34 (11.8) |
| $100 000+ | 11 (15.5) | 11 (16.9) | 9 (12.2) | 9 (11.7) | 40 (13.9) |
| No response | 4 (5.6) | 4 (6.2) | 4 (5.4) | 1 (1.3) | 13 (4.5) |
BMI, body mass index; GED, General Educational Development.