Logistic regression to determine factors associated with any microvascular complications and uncontrolled diabetes
| Any microvascular complication | Uncontrolled diabetes | |||||||
| Univariate | P value | Multivariate | P value | Univariate | P value | Multivariate | P value | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 56–65 versus >65 | 0.75 (0.72 to 0.79) | <0.0001 | 0.80 (0.75 to 0.85) | <0.0001 | 0.96 (0.91 to 1.02) | 0.2252 | ||
| ≤55 versus >65 | 0.44 (0.42 to 0.46) | <0.0001 | 0.61 (0.58 to 0.65) | <0.0001 | 0.86 (0.81 to 0.91) | <0.0001 | ||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male versus female | 1.08 (1.04 to 1.11) | <0.0001 | 1.06 (1.02 to 1.11) | 0.0027 | ||||
| BMI* | ||||||||
| Obese versus normal | 1.17 (1.11 to 1.24) | <0.001 | 1.24 (1.17 to 1.31) | <0.0001 | 1.15 (1.07 to 1.23) | 0.0001 | ||
| Overweight versus normal | 1.06 (0.99 to 1.12) | 0.1012 | 1.06 (0.99 to 1.13) | 0.1138 | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.11) | 0.5653 | ||
| Blood pressure† | ||||||||
| Prehypertension versus normal | 1.21 (1.11 to 1.32) | <0.0001 | 1.09 (0.99 to 1.20) | 0.0932 | 1.34 (1.23 to 1.46) | <0.0001 | 1.25 (1.13 to 1.38) | <0.0001 |
| Stage I hypertension versus normal | 1.51 (1.38 to 1.65) | <0.0001 | 1.18 (1.07 to 1.31) | 0.0017 | 1.81 (1.65 to 1.99) | <0.0001 | 1.65 (1.48 to 1.83) | <0.0001 |
| Stage II hypertension versus normal | 1.86 (1.63 to 2.11) | <0.0001 | 1.34 (1.16 to 1.56) | 0.0001 | 2.77 (2.35 to 3.26) | <0.0001 | 2.73 (2.25 to 3.30) | <0.0001 |
| Diagnosed as diabetic | ||||||||
| >5 years versus recently | 5.96 (5.51 to 6.43) | <0.0001 | 4.01 (3.66 to 4.39) | <0.0001 | 1.48 (1.39 to 1.58) | <0.0001 | 1.19 (1.10 to 1.29) | <0.0001 |
| Past 1–2 years versus recently | 1.99 (1.83 to 2.16) | <0.0001 | 1.67 (1.52 to 1.84) | <0.0001 | 1.11 (1.04 to 1.19) | 0.0034 | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.06) | 0.4928 |
| Past 2–5 years versus recently | 3.31 (3.06 to 3.58) | <0.0001 | 2.53 (2.31 to 2.78) | <0.0001 | 1.35 (1.26 to 1.44) | <0.0001 | 1.15 (1.06 to 1.25) | 0.0008 |
| HbA1c‡ | ||||||||
| Poor versus good control | 1.41 (1.35 to 1.47) | <0.0001 | 1.28 (1.22 to 1.34) | <0.0001 | ||||
| Statin use | ||||||||
| Yes versus no | 2.10 (2.00 to 2.20) | <0.0001 | 1.59 (1.51 to 1.67) | <0.0001 | 1.22 (1.16 to 1.28) | <0.0001 | ||
| No of therapies | ||||||||
| Dual therapy versus >3 | 0.68 (0.64 to 0.72) | <0.0001 | 0.94 (0.88 to 1.00) | 0.0564 | 0.50 (0.47 to 0.54) | <0.0001 | 0.56 (0.51 to 0.61) | <0.0001 |
| Monotherapy versus >3 | 0.48 (0.45 to 0.51) | <0.0001 | 0.9 (0.82 to 0.98) | 0.0131 | 0.34 (0.31 to 0.37) | <0.0001 | 0.42 (0.38 to 0.46) | <0.0001 |
| Triple therapy versus >3 | 0.92 (0.87 to 0.97) | 0.00320 | 1.06 (0.99 to 1.13) | 0.1135 | 0.63 (0.59 to 0.68) | <0.0001 | 0.64 (0.59 to 0.70) | <0.0001 |
| Nephropathy yes vs no | 1.56 (1.44 to 1.68) | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Neuropathy yes vs no | 1.26 (1.20 to 1.32) | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Retinopathy yes vs no | 1.68 (1.54 to 1.83) | <0.0001 | ||||||
*BMI (kg/m2): normal BMI: 18.0–22.9; overweight 23.0–24.9; obese: >25.
†Blood pressure (mm Hg): normal (SBP <120 and DBP <80), prehypertension (SBP=120–139 or DBP=80–89), stage I hypertension (SBP=140–159 or DBP=90–99), stage II hypertension (SBP ≥160 or DBP ≥100).
‡HbA1c: good control (HbA1c <7; <53 mmol/mol), poor control (HbA1c ≥7; ≥53 mmol/mol).
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; SBP, systolic blood pressure.